Treasure House and HongQiao.. 作者：hittite 转自：轩辕论坛 说明：原标题《沙陀传说（上）》。很显然，仅得沙陀其事之半，期待作者将续完。 一曲残唐五代之《百年歌》。 《新唐书.沙陀传》记载，沙陀族乃“西突厥别部处月种”，也就是说沙陀族的前身是西突厥诸部之一，名为处月。实际上沙陀族民族成分复杂，除了处月部外，可能还包括处密，射脾等部。后来被称为沙陀的原因，据《新唐书》所记“金娑山之阳，蒲类（海）之东，有大碛，名沙陀，故号沙陀突厥云”，“沙陀”乃因地而得名。高宗显庆年间，名将苏定方灭西突厥诸部，唐于西突厥故地设立羁縻州。沙陀朱邪氏始祖拔野率部族依附唐朝，被任为沙陀州都督府都督，子孙相继五世担任此职。沙陀族自此登上了历史的舞台（不过这时还只是跑跑龙套）。 英雄立马起沙陀，奈此朱梁跋扈何。 只手难扶唐社稷，连城犹拥晋山河。 风云帐下奇儿在，鼓角灯前老泪多。 萧瑟三垂冈下路，至今人唱《百年歌》。
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City wall and the court. .
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City wall and Tower.
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Owl tail. .
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Palace and double pavilion.
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Tung Lin niche column. .
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The layout of the temple full rate.
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Dougong. .
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The second floor of the Pavilion and curved corner road.
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Second floor. .
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Court Road, linked to three Court. .
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Water Pavilion and bevel Gallery.
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Water temple side. .
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With the first element on a group of Hall of the Daming Palace of recovery plans:. .
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Lin De Dian cherry before playing polo. .
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Basically from beginning to end, Zhongshu Ling, Shi Zhong, as prime minister in the Tang Dynasty is the name, most commentators think that the two world beyond the end of Tang to Five Dynasties and the Song is just in name only. In actual fact, Zhong Shuling post as prime minister should be limited to the Five Feng Dao; and sijung post as prime minister should be limited to the North Song Dynasty Han Qi. Chancery Executive Book of Order is in theory the prime minister, but because Li Shimin hold office before the throne, after which few succeed. Only Tangzhong Zong, Emperor, Dezong as when the country served as Crown Prince Book of Order.
Sects in the third grade with the beginning of the book in being awarded the third grade or above the rank of part-time prime minister. Then gradually without this restriction. Zhongshu Ling, Shi Zhong is with the two products promoted, this name disappeared. Song of the prime minister post when the most extensive in the book with subglottic Pingzhang Shi. The term begins Pingzhang Li Jing, "New Book of Tang" contains Li Jing "is granted special calibration into to the first, thanks to thousands of property segment, is still riding the second, Paul, thanks to state officials, rank and file are not government waste. If the disease less, the three days of a bottom of the door in the book Pingzhang affairs. "
First, Taizong period. .
. The first point worthy of recognition, according to the two Tang Dynasty, the main achievements of his administration of local officials and revision of the law is. On the other hand unavoidably, hands and dismissive of many politicians; second point is also worthy of recognition, but this is only one side of the political means Zhenguan firmness and flexibility, rather than blindly Hanwen period of laissez-faire; s I am afraid is a very important point, Fang Xuanling when the country because of 15 years and this is probably related. Li Shimin need is the kind of strong but obedient. Wei Zheng Fang Xuanling as if there is character, may well not do it for 15 years a prime minister. He rarely, and Li Shimin conflict is only a question of sending troops to Korea.。 Not only is he, during the same period of the Sun Mowgli, Li Ji, etc..
Du dark is even more puzzling. He died four years Zhenguan its Golden Age when the situation is not fully presented. Du dark period for the major contribution of the phase compiled some text Code, ruled that a number of laws and institutions. However, later called "house off plan du" is probably the case for them in terms of basalt. On this issue, the two of them did a lot of ideas out, and the eventual Li Shimin closed. .
It is because of Weizheng is too blunt, too serious, so many times lead to Li Shimin embarrassment, but also a few claims to kill Wei. If Li Shimin Fang Xuanling reward for the love of a plus, then the Wei Zheng is the love-hate relationship. Li Shimin from the Liaodong lost back, thought dead for many years Wei Zheng, Wei Zheng, that there would be today if there is a failure. But before this, he also set the case of doubt as Hou Wei Zheng Wei Zheng gangs and destroyed the tombstone, and Wei Zheng do relatives canceled the engagement. Indeed, had recommended to the Wei Zheng Li Shimin Hou set to do the prime minister, Hou sets and Prince rebellion of the incident, Weizheng Gang had just died, the emperor angrily, then under the ruthless hands of Wei Zheng.
Zhenguan prime minister, Xiao Yu, a right way can be said. He was born to the imperial family, with good after surgery, sexual stuck acute and rustic much glitz and famous. Zhenguan's no shortage of prime minister in the royal birth, like Chen CHEN Shu-tat, is descended; Yuwen disabilities and for the descendants of the Northern Zhou Yuwen; Yang Kung-Jen, Yang Sui royal brother teaching profession. Li Yuan, the main period of these people is the central minister of state. However, shortly after Li Shimin took office, decided to reorganize a vibrant hub, so the group of people most of the dismount, and only continue to focus on Xiao Yu Chen's position. Although Yang is also the teaching profession as sijung Zhenguan years, and later also served as Zhongshu Ling, Li Shimin, but not satisfied with his work, was eventually dismissed. .
And Xiao Yu Li Jing Shen He happens at this time running the army strictly Li Jing does not care about the good news. The fourth time was he told that to become a monk monk Li Shimin, the second day of the decision even ordered consent of Li Shimin, he suddenly go back on, the emperor angrily simply putting him, out of sight out of mind. .
. Xi heard his words, is now see it. Yu do not encounter the majesty, yung can protect themselves evil? "Wei Zheng as Xiao Yu, was defeated on the character and ways of doing things..
. To Jizhuoyangqing, disease evil is good, son of a minister in a few day long. . ".
. As Chu Sui-liang, and several more important in Zhining stage is Gao North Korea. Sun loudly two wife's family, are also considered high-Jian high position, but as the prime minister no less than the above these excellent. .
Eric Lee himself on the late Prime Minister team also has a set of views. The new stylistic. Sun Mowgli biography "documented the Prime Minister Li Shimin on members for a period of heavy's comment:" hermit Lim mind police realized that the hard won section, stuck in the ear bone spent '. Tang Jian has resigned, reconciliation, wine, fashion, something I speak scent for twenty years, has a national matter. Mr Marsh Road of honour to the Tribunal, since without it before, but no more tip, priority non-lean. CEN text honest, articles, and its Director is on, to often, by far is not responsible for the matter. Liu Ji Jian is useful, their words, not light, can rannuo self-complementary Que. Ma week which is sensitive, on CD players, direct way, the term is known as I intended.. Wuji deal alert, good to avoid arousing suspicion, to ask for the ancients, not the ratio; taking part necessary condition for battles, not the good also. "It can be clear advantages and disadvantages of each of the prime minister. Obviously, this time has no Wei Zheng, Xiao-Yu Yen a class of positive Minister dare to commit. This is probably not as good as before after Zhenguan politics is an important reason..
. I think that inside, is a means to meet Li Shimin, the other means that he just entry into the new prime minister, elder, and cutting-edge in many awkward situations before, and only by a war to Li Wei. He is also one of Li Shimin's Tuogu minister of state, but he understood early on that the emperor and his son prepare for him, why they still stuck, sycophant, and did not do responsibility. This is brilliant in his image than on the battlefield together, a great contrast. .
High, there were hundreds of armed inter-Korean prime minister, but I am afraid only Di Renjie well-known one. Wu personally pull the prime minister has pulled more than seventy people, but completely dependable Wu, Di Renjie is perhaps the only one. Wu is not only known as the "old country", he is also one of the few not to be struck down in straight Ruthless Sydney. .
. Twenty years later, Tang ties with Western countries were Tibetan blocked the Silk Road trade was a heavy blow. Until two years later, only one fell swoop general Wang Xiaojie the vast Western territory back. At this time is Wu Powerbut period. Anxi re-stationed in the four towns, the establishment of administrative agencies has become an important issue. There were two opinions, the representative of objections is Di Renjie. His argument is mainly military spending big, costly, affecting the country. He concluded that restrict them, invading, so that the "bandits no income." He also advocated the abolition of Anton Dohobu, "loss of four towns, fertilizer in China, stop Anton, real western Liaoning Province, the provincial military at a distance, and Jiabing the fortress.". .
Wu Zetian this time no hear Judge Dee, stabilizes the four town returned to the territory of the Tang dynasty. But Judge Dee starting point is good, some also have a point, but in the Tang dynasty, the emperor were will not agree with this opinion.
In fact, before and after Di Renjie have had similar incidents. There are also two practical politicians about these things, one is the name phase Zhen Guan Wei Zheng, a famous minister Sima Guang is the Northern Song Dynasty. There is also a very good reputation of the Tang dynasty prime minister, he is the prime minister towards the world and where Zong. Zhenguan fourteen years, the Hou Tang successfully across the Great Sandy moraine set, lightning Silk Road city of Gao, in one fell swoop destroy it, cleared a major obstacle on the Silk Road. After the war is debated whether to set up administrative problems. Wei Zheng was opposed at the time, reasons and Di Renjie about, the emperor did not listen to him eventually, decided to set up Gao Western states, and to become the first Anxi Dohobu a legacy.. .
Di Renjie was able to when the prime minister, prime minister and the other is inseparable, and that is Lou morality. Lou is also typical of morality into the phase out of the characters. Li Jingxuan Taohe defeat, the West Beijing to keep a great defense against, Lou morality is responsible for reorganizing the work of defense. He first use diplomatic means to stabilize Tibet. After the battle in the glorious victory achieved. Later on, even "child study" on both "war eight eight-Jie Lou morality" of the sentence. Lou is also typical of morality into the phase out of the characters. Li Jingxuan Taohe defeat, the West Beijing to keep a great defense against, Lou morality is responsible for reorganizing the work of defense. He first use diplomatic means to stabilize Tibet.。 Later, even the young learn "on the" Lou's ethics 8 zhanba Jie "sentences.
However, as will be the one aspect of the administration is one aspect. Lee, like I said before, as the famous Second, all may not be regarded as a competent politician, Lou ethics is no exception. Morality is relative to Lou is taken during the non-confrontational approach with others in order to protect themselves, and sometimes like a clown. He ridiculed the prime minister Li Zhaode with the column is "Tian Sheweng," he said, who do not farm to farm; his brother said that if someone would spit into his face, it should be removed, but Lou morality, if someone was angry due to a spat his face, they should let it get rid of, wipe face it, people will be more angry. .
Lou's ethics to Prime Minister Wu Zetian Sen. Judge Dee do, Judge Dee themselves do not know. When the Judge Dee became a Prime Minister after a look down on Lou's ethics, repeatedly pushed him. Lou's ethics but don't mind. Later Empress to Judge Dee road out of the facts, Judge Dee feel ashamed, sighed "Lou public Shing de, I do not know for the volume is not far from the truth, I." Thus, on the one hand, the lack of moral and political order Lou, self-preservation; on the other hand also embodies his broad vision. Then judge Dee Wu Zetian and aide for talent, Judge Dee strongly recommended Jingzhou long history of doing his Prime Minister Zhang and Cambodia. Wu Zetian started don't care, just inland of the piece, Cambodia twice consecutively.. This agreed to the appointment of Wu Zhang Cambodia of the phase. Photo of Cambodia was indeed a big contribution. He and five other prime minister and minister of the United Habayashi army mutiny to kill Wu's Nanchong, the Zhang brothers, all kinds of evil, to Li Tang ZTE. The five were later made Minister of Jun Wang's knighted, collectively, the "five kings." But not the two, does not mean that the incident has been fully completed. Zhang Cambodia after the force to be prepared to eradicate all but the cases do not agree, there are five different views within the king. Then turn on the five kings of various weapons to launch a brutal retaliation.. Wu and Zhou dynasties, Wu centralized well, so the center of politics has not yet reached the degree of corruption. And in the cases of North Korea, Ruizong North Korea is different, almost imperial power at all, around the power struggle of the conspiracy, mutiny flared up. Even in the cases of the emperor became a victim. Domestic politics to the extreme is the dark, after Wei and An Legong main hoodwink, fresh tricks, bribes, bribery, Maiguanyujue, a time rife. They want to Empress Wu, but they were not the ability to Wu. Bunch of stupid and evil woman will only confused the situation worse. .
Fortunately, the emergence of Xuan. Rui Emperor had no intention to diwei, give way to the Prince Edward Xuan. But power or by Xuan and Pacific Princess on Palm. But the advantage is in the Pacific Princess, as already mentioned, the Prime Minister of seven people, five were dependent on the Pacific Princess. In addition, Rui's tianping also tend to side with the Princess Taiping. However Pacific Princess side of sinus Huai-chen, Xiao XI zhizhong, CEN, Cui Shi who have insufficient capacity to flattery, and finally be Xuan takes up the initiative. Xuan side Prime Minister including seeking, Wei Liu secluded known ancient, and the Princess side of Lu Hsiang or pull over. Liu Wei were equivalent in the Xuanwu Gate, is the mastermind behind the House du.. Wang Chung-Mao Li Longji trusted generals, the military is a coup led by Habayashi main fighting force. The strength of the army generals Guo Yuanzhen personally sent to ensure the stability of the inner court and the emperor's safety. Under the careful planning, Longji Group Pacific Princess smashed in one fell swoop, completely back to power. .
Events after the end of the rapid adoption of the stable Xuan, reorganization of the central nervous system. And the Prime Minister, Peking new Prime Minister in the group are a mutiny. Like a fixed strategy of seeking power for feet of Liu was appointed to the right shot with three servants know military affairs, commodities became Prime Minister, the remaining Lu Hsiang, Guo element vibration with three known ancient, Wei has also become waiters at a later time. Wu Zetian period of official Zhang said as written in the order. Zhang said that although not directly involved in the mutiny, but he and Pacific Princess group has a great contradiction in his Pacific Princess relegation after he reminded Xuan to an early start. Xuan recovery powers after the Zhang said called back.
But the prime minister also has a group of people and Zhenguan big difference. The most obvious is the term. Liu You-demand, Zhang said, less than half the land as the first Baxiang; Guo Yuanzhen worst, only to be exiled prime minister, made two months; Wei known ancient good luck, did more than two years before they strike as and Industry Book. Baxiang reasons mentioned in detail later, a relationship first and Yao Chong. But on a deeper, or Li Longji own reasons. Li Longji a monarch determined to forge ahead, he wanted to rush to change the political situation, the prime minister will not be able to use this group for a long time. After all, this is only a stop-gap, the transition type of team, it is not established on the basis of the actual order, but on the basis of merit grace the event.。 But even just because the combined Xuan not whole but to kill him, but then life is saved, was exiled to New Hampshire. This reflects the Xuan restructuring hub eagerness, Minister at slaughter is you can. Two months later, yaochong into phase, Xuan began the comprehensive reform. 3 reign period.
Yao Chong was appointed prime minister Li Longji saddle on, implies the opening of a new era. Yao Chong at this time is already twice the phase of the veteran, but he has a persistent character and excellent political skills, which is of particular value for the Longji's. Tang Yao Chong is the only one can influence the prime minister and Fang Xuanling a fight. With two Li Shimin, Li Longji are open during the Rule, Kaiyuan Spirit are called the golden age of ancient Chinese political. Two have a very similar place, such as good at state policies, laws and institutions assignment, quickly restored order out of chaos is a stable country and so on. "New Book of Tang" has the following summary of the achievements Yao Chong: Chong You Changli Road, execution of non-flooded thinking.Sung mi fen is.. probably redundant staff, the Division built system, optional 100 Crown all its material, please do not move the wide, Buddhism, Taoism, countless collectors. Forced labor is the emperor to entrust to the next, and on the right vested. I think that last sentence is important, it shows two faces renewed strengthening of centralized declination.. This is not the desire of Xuan. in fact, Xuan in hub and every move that revolves around this centralization. the preceding dismissal of hero, shorten the term of Office of the Prime Minister, close to one in the book artistry, and so on can illustrate the. Prime Minister during the Tianbao extended, Prime number etc. illustrate the imperial power is with the effect of phase to weaken, become a counterexample.
Although Yao Chong is an excellent politician, but his image for posterity in no Fang Xuanling so perfect. . This involves the couple's different. . Character, Fang Xuanling is a humble person, "not to have a long look man"; and Yao Chong is somewhat conceited. . He was not without complacency, said his staff asked themselves how the ratio of band music, the answer is not as good, but almost a "rescue when the prime minister." . He thought, that this assessment is fair. . Thus, Yao Chong that he did indeed some smug. . However, this fact does not matter. . Yao Chong is the most descendants of his colleagues criticized the resort. . Yao Chong and Zhang said that traditionally does not and, it is well known thing. .See the following in.. remarks:.
Sung as a disease-like heel drag, Di Zhao asked of, and said: "I damaged foot." Said: "little pain or Down?" Said: "I heart worries, the pain is not enough." Q Yi Gu, said: "Qi Wang Majesty his brother, Zhang Fu-chen, and close access to the Royal car, for fear of the error, so the worry about it." So said the phase out of state. .
To impeach Zhang said you can get to the point, but thank God this yaochong subtle manner, on the painful area under Zhang Xuan said.. no wonder Ouyang Xiu evaluation yaochong "-right and meticulous".. If only this one example, certainly not enough to describe Ouyang Xiu.. However Ouyang Xiu is indeed quite reasonable, because this is really a lot of examples. Wei know ancient was unique and harmony of the Prime Minister, yaochong yaochong had also been Wei know ancient Sen... However were the same columns soon after, they despise yaochong Wei wei, try it with.. . The former prime minister, the Ministry of Personnel Shao Shang Zhong Jing "is not the hi Sung Yao," Yao Chong will find a quiet case by Liu, Zhong Shao Jing took the opportunity to depreciate provincial governor for the fruit. . Was banished by a Beijing Zhong Shao again and again, suffered terribly. . I think alone, these, if not his achievements Yao Chong, be sure to drop the name of a traitor. .
The aforementioned strike seeking secluded Liu, because the phase of the reform, but Xuan anxious yaochong undoubtedly plays a role of fuse.
If the popularity of today's dollars, the first phalanx of Datang about the prime minister only four: Room, Du, Yao, Song. Scale can be relaxed to some estimates, catch Wei. If more than Yao Chong Fang Xuanling, then can be said to reign Song dynasty Jing Wei. While creating a political strongman Kaiyuan Yao Chong Golden Age, but he offended many people and too much power, and Li Longji the beginning, some do not trust. In his fourth year as a phase, and finally by others because of the impact of bribery case had voluntarily resigned. Li Longji do not retain, let Yao Chong recommend one person from the generation, Song Jing Yao Chong will be recommended. In this way the old comrade Yao Jing Song Huang door supervisor was appointed as the new prime minister.. .
If the song Jing is merely a statement was made by the Crown, straight Chen is not appropriate. I think that he is an attention to detail of pragmatic statesman better. Yaochong merit of good at coordinating global and heavier song Jing. He advocated one case he were clear; acts of God, he advised the Emperor don't work spent in prayer day this form above, and to perform more concrete; edge will claim credit, he often is not endorsed by, the fear of indexes to the young emperor militaristic. And so forth can reflect the song Jing is a doer. Later his successor Chang Chen-phase sat his seat, for the song Jing left by the policy, are also often voice praise.. Two different ways, with the attribution rule, the days so Zuotang to ZTE. "This is a different style of Golden Age Kaiyuan Song Yao common contribution..
. Ou also said: "Tempo of the chaos, death dance of its victims." .
Kaiyuan shengshi can say until the Tianbao dynasty. This lasted for more than 40 years of the golden age of the feudal society, not only by Xuan plus Yao, song can be created and maintained. Yao, considerable time of songer together but 8 years, and for 40 years, it can be said is a head, laying a foundation or, of course, the head is turned out very nice. However, the subsequent decades, if not a group of eminent personalities continue to cause the Yao song, new century heyday will continue so long, it is hard to say. This group of outstanding personalities, naturally includes many different stages of phase-Yin Chen. Kaiyuan a DPRK, Yao song after Prime Minister 15.. One of literature such as Zhang, said; diligence, such as Li MATRIX; out on things such as Zhang Jiazhen officials, Pei Guangting; longer than finance, such as Peiyao Qing, Yuwen Rong; Zhongzhi such as Han break, Zhang Jiuling; side would be as Du Xian, Xiao Song. Of course, as the Golden Years have Xujing Zong Jian Xiang such as Li Linfu fifteen people who were there to stay through the ages the great traitor. Sima Guang of the Kaiyuan prime minister of the characteristics of summary is: "The use of the phase, Yao advocate pass, Song Jing Shang Fa, Zhang Jiazhen yet officials, said Zhang Shang Wen, Li MATRIX, Du Xian Shang Jian, Han break, Zhang Jiuling still straight, all their skills also. "I think this is the Golden Age Kaiyuan military-round development of social economy and culture of a very important reason. .
In addition to the above mentioned several, there are a few bits these Yin-phase or phase Spyker's right to the Prime Minister. Yaochong as Prime Minister, Lu Wai Shun anything with Ping Zhang, Wong Mun prison as occasions phase, think before, as yaochong encountered things always yielded yaochong processing, then people ridiculed him for the Prime Minister "with food." Since then, the song Jing as Prime Minister, ting-ting phase, time is always down the song Jing meant doing things, nothing. 2 people from this phase is very happy.. Zhang said the Zhongshu Ling later, the situation remains the same, the source is still sitting in the Prime Minister Yao dry place where there is little affairs. The two both stop, Li MATRIX, Du Siam become second phase, the source or the Prime Minister of dry Yao, Xiao Song until later into the side of the phase. History set derived stem Yao "for phase ten years, and Zhang Jiazhen, Zhang said, Li-hung, Du Siam with Illustrative bad idea Tingyi center can do, Joint Wei-Wei later years, works great for the wide flat Tun, so little guilt regret. Jiang Jiao as Chia Ching of the row, though offended, do not apply to save finished gentleman ridiculed Yan. "visible, both then and later, Yao is derived stem the object to be ridiculed. But he created a miracle ---- Kaiyuan longest term prime minister.. .
Zhang said the prime minister has done before in the New Century, Li Longji eradication of Pacific Princess, he was the first prime minister of the members. Zhang said the time the qualification and Yao Chong, Song Jing compared to the same. However, look what happened afterwards, and his career than Yao, Song to be much more rough. This side of the main reasons and two others are closely related, one is Yao Chong, Yuwen financial one. .
Yaochong and Zhang said on the eve of the deep, what causes that history was evasive. May know tongzhou yaochong out, and Zhang have said. But it is easier to see, say and like capacity yaochong preeminent political leader, has a very strong desire for power. The so-called mountain brook no second Tiger, especially later yaochong is promoted as Prime Minister, Xuan, Zhang said: also in the hub. Two strong men, bound together with the ruling inasmuch as men and are not easily give up their own views, this will inevitably lead to contradictions. Later yaochong caught Zhang said Daniel plus Zhang said in politics really errors, Xuan decided to dismiss Zhang said.
Zhang once again into the phase when the time is long past Yao Chong. At this time the Prime Minister is the source of dry Yao, a non-confrontational nice guy and people. Zhang said the colleague, the Prime Minister Zhang Jiazhen to the actual bit, Zhang became the uncrowned prime minister. During this period, he made a few masters, the first is to discuss off Shuofang anti-Hu; second largest disarmament, the implementation of volunteer force, the abolition of the idle Fu Bing, the recruitment of civil warriors into the military; the third is to change Zheng Shitang sects in the book is the second provincial unity, concentration of power; fourth is hosted Longji Fengshan Mountain. This has a major impact are a few events, especially the middle two are landmark events.. Emperor naturally glad to have money or a financial Yuwen official and let him continue. The financial Yuwen Zhang happens as people hate and fear him trouble, so I always stop Yuwen financial law. Yuwen Rong is not Dengxianzhibei, it everywhere slander Zhang said. Yuwen inclusive man, I can not say, but from the later performance, may really be some flashy. He did the prime minister said before, if I can do the prime minister, as long as several months, the world will be peaceful. But after he did the prime minister, a day known to drink parlor, others said he was not even the emperor will be eloquent, he said, speechless. Months passed quickly, but the world does not see peace.
Yuwen Rong Zhang said before the start, ling Zhang reminded to pay attention. But do not put Yuwen Zhang Rong looked down. Results from the Prime Minister become a prisoner of war. Three towards the old phase, ah, even squatting in his old age but also a large prison, is really a great shame. .
. Yuwen melt can rise to popularity, and his outstanding financial order are inseparable. He re-implementation of management accounts, re-measuring dispensed land policy, and it would make the year an increase of millions of years into the cord. Emperor naturally glad to have money or a financial Yuwen official and let him continue. The financial Yuwen Zhang happens as people hate and fear him trouble, so I always stop Yuwen financial law. Yuwen Rong is not Dengxianzhibei, it everywhere slander Zhang said. Yuwen inclusive man, I can not say, but from the later performance, may really be some flashy. He did the prime minister said before, if I can do the prime minister, as long as several months, the world will be peaceful.
Yuwen Rong Zhang said before the start, ling Zhang reminded to pay attention. But do not put Yuwen Zhang Rong looked down. Results from the Prime Minister become a prisoner of war. Three towards the old phase, ah, even squatting in his old age but also a large prison, is really a great shame. .
. Only a four-person, he also just said can be said Zhang famous politicians. Zhang Ting and the then Soviet Union and known as "Yan Xu generous", the article came out, he incurs widely famous. So that future generations exclusively to refer to Zhang Yan, said the public; like one that the Prime Minister today, I know that is the same as Zhou Enlai. Knighted refers to the practice of its people, is not prevalent in the Tang Dynasty, probably the only well-known Li Jing Wei public. Zheng said the rest of the public as most people probably will not know refer to Wei. Zhang said that he had the first of its kind. The Song Dynasty, the prime minister, said minister of state general only knighted.。.
In addition to the prime minister, said Zhang Kaiyuan, Su Ting, another writer is ling. His "sea the moon, 天涯共此时" a joint can be described only solution through the ages, no one is following. There was even a poem he called "Tang Li Sao." In fact, comparison, and he does some similar experiences and Qu Yuan. The first is in high, as one loyal to the State, then was Men Do not Cry framed, rough lives for the better, and again witnessed the country from prosperity to decline, they themselves are powerless. Du cloud "over the article hate life", it is Ziranzhili. .
. Before long, ling, Pei Yaoqing Baxiang the same day, Li Linfu Group became the central world completely. Kaiyuan this end of the golden age of politics. .
Ling estimated Kaiyuan the most tragic figure in the prime minister. He has been deeply aware of a crisis, but his reign to do anything; and distant rivers and lakes at the time, even fail to materialize may apply for a. Had to watch the crafty and fawning when North Korea, a great flourishing Kusakabe every situation. He did not see the total destruction of flourishing of the day, hastily passed away, which has a strong sense of responsibility, he is perhaps still a good thing. .
Li Linfu's office, there are several reasons. One is the harem, and he's pet temporary Wu Huifei keen on the idea, some do support the Crown Prince Wu Huifei son Shouwang, so Wu Huifei promised to help him take the prime minister; the other is his uncle, Jiao Jiang has some status in Longji very popular there, He and another source of dry Yao, Yuwen financial relationship is fine, as he laid into the center of a foundation; The third is to break Baxiang Korea, when direct referral of the Li Linfu. Han Ming Chen Hugh would be a matter of fact, into the phase when he was recommended by the Prime Minister Xiao Song.。 Han Xiu also thought it was lilinfu help, will he regarded as benefactor. Later, he recommended lilinfu, estimated to contain an element.
Said Li Linfu as a traitor, it is very excessive. However, in order to reverse the verdict of the wind when Li Linfu. Popularity of the book which, such as "The Cambridge History of China Sui" affirmed Li Linfu are focused in the financial, legislative role. The book that Li Linfu as phase period, as the beginning of the Kaiyuan Li Longji has not affairs of state to face. So the relative Yao, Song, the Li Linfu done much more. But in my opinion, Yao Song add eight to the Tang ruling royal power struggle from the chaos of ZTE; Li Linfu shafts 19 years, not only can not sustain the situation, but makes the situation worse. From this point of view, it is hard Li Linfu's ruling is successful. .
Can represent the only event with lilinfu two pieces. The first thing is the mid of the Kai yuan Tang 6 code compilation; the second is the format of Kaiyuan 25 dictates what kind of finishing. The Cambridge history of China's sui two things for this evaluation was high. Especially the latter, more pushed to Don scheme in the history of the first major event. In fact, lilinfu in play are presided over by the role, how many credit is his merit, what are those that have already disappeared into oblivion by scholars, I can't say it clearly. However, everyone knows that the lack of academic, who lilinfu classic (reference books in some slightly obscure words are not recognized).. In addition, the compilation "Don Six Code," Zhang said work had started from, after Zhang said, ling these great writer and politician of painstaking efforts, to Li Linfu is near completion, was the last emperor of the Li Linfu on, so here he accounted for much cheaper. Li Linfu also very aware of their poor literary, so very jealous of people in literature, groups of scholars to be down, or suppressed, ling is only one of them. Many people on the official history of the matter contained in Li Linfu skeptical. Fully in line with historical facts, are difficult to achieve any of a history book. But these records is absolutely reliable than the speculation conjecture.. In contrast, Li Linfu it is too much work too little. .
。 However, the situation is slowly changing. How to power is lilinfu sensitive people. He was aware of the threat to his yangguozhong, then borrow the war in the southwest of tonal yangguozhong ren Jian Nan servant. And that affair lilinfu done wrong, although being temporarily outside yangguozhong placed, but has been appointed him Prime Minister Xuan. Anlushan since holding the soldiers, and others will be reconciled to long term. When Yangguozhong Shen Chi Gao he has died in collusion with Turkic, lilinfu anlushan rushes down to vent out years of frustration.
The Lushan Although in line with the Guozhong of Li Linfu blow dry and become the son of Royal, but these will not be able to prevent the breakdown of An Lushan and Yang Guozhong. Guozhong into the phase after the An Lushan is often brought to the Longji will be rebellion. If you want to say evidence, I am afraid he could not get the number of real things. Him to do so having regard to the Lushan potential threat to their status. An Lushan was outraged, since two potential with fire and water, and finally to the Lushan revolted. .
. From this perspective, said Li Linfu much greater responsibility than Guozhong. Fourth, tsung, DAI Zong period. .
Tangsuzong from Tianbao 15 years that the emperor to collapse, the total first year baoying in six years. The six years of the Prime Minister, overall worth mentioning. The main reason is that the whole of this period, all political activities are built around a central counter-insurgency. Therefore, I, Lee Kwang PIL limelight, but the real work of the Prime Minister does not track, so the lack of place.
Guanxi is the poetry of Lao Du room to mention more than a character. Du to the Housing Guanxi evaluation is very high, as compared with the Ming, Xie. But that is a literary point of view, the historian's comments to mean much. "Old Tang," cited Liheng remove large segment of the edict of Guanxi room to show room Guanxi's "rate of intelligence himself as, presume gas excesses, vanity Jane proud." As a result, harm the country will be wearing a hat on his head. Ouyang Xiu until later, came out and said only a few words:. .
"Protecting a far, good on Lao law, slaughterhouse, floating-point happy guests, high on, and not cut it. More so, when the world was eager to strategy captured, Emperor to collectors, but about rope protecting desire for rapid phase, graceful calm to auxiliary conquer and know people unknown to get lost, fame and the torsion hui loss cloud. "Say" tangming ru, protecting de Wang, but have shizai less derogatory Act also. One killed, payment is not complex. Former friendship with-protecting and Amundsen, very little enlightened master and take the Prime Minister, has to commonly used contrary to the Director, who, without success. So famous, embarrass home. The Al Mingsheng default look, cannot be blamed for the Deputy is had. So when protecting was calmly weiwo bearing flat is a slaughter.. If room can be born in Han Wen Song Guanxi period too, to grace all rate, rule the world by doing nothing, the situation will be much better. Guanxi is not a matter of fact the Housing Works talk about a special person, like the two books mentioned in the Tang Dynasty, after he Baxiang reform of maladministration in the Bin state of things, which shows that he has proven administrative skills. .
As Ouyang Xiu, room for protecting from Beit phase that day was the world's expectations, while leading troops in combat and non-it Director, and Chen Tao, Sakai defeated, "dead" on the same day about rebellion. The world, including the Emperor, disillusionment, naturally be attributed to him. Li Heng in recall of the decree in very harsh, this is a heavy presence of room for protecting is undoubtedly the blow.
Chang-ho is also the same room of the general character of Guanxi, grace is enough. Last but not too simple because Dan and Baxiang. But he apparently did not have room Guanxi tragedy. Done to compare the number of seedlings Jinqing the middle, at least start to finish, the status of both decent reputation. Pei Mian poor reputation there, ignore the general interest, attachment eunuchs, the fiscal decentralization, and made the economic situation of a mess. .
. Emperor indecisive Daizong the wrong policies on these issues, making the later Tang Humpty until destruction. .
Liu Yan is a genius character, childhood have called a child prodigy. He did almost all financial-related duties and, like Hubushilang, Expenditures, salt, transport, mint coins, rent yung so and so. Was given the world a new, very poor economic situation Chang, bucket thousand meters of money, palace which is not co-seasonal food. To solve this problem, Liu Yan proposed dredging the canal, the canal will be assigned into the JAC Financial Yellow River, Weihe re-entry into the customs of the plan. The plan received the support of the Prime Minister of Yuan, and ultimately smoothly. Chang-year-old lost the first time of arrival, DAI Zong emperor for the band, went to meet Wei bridge. Thus, the issue of the importance of the Tang Dynasty.。 After a series of corrective, Guanzhong's economic situation stabilized, and the world is also rarely a big ups and downs.
Liu Yan served as prime minister of the time in fact, only one year, but because he mastered the financial power, and thus streamlining the administration of local officials, so his actual status is very high. It contains the history: "However, working long, rolling potential prime minister, the official China to make more out of their doors," "big political stick to the last, are Yang Yan militarism, perhaps a quality check." This will inevitably lead to Liu Yan and many enemies. The two most important of his political opponents are often Yan and Yang Yan. The former tried to Liu Yan retired, but the emperor is not allowed; while the latter directly killed Liu Yan. .
And while being in charge of financial Liu yan is the fifth qi. The fifth Pan-Prime Minister is suzong toward, as phase time however eight months, but his role in the generation of these faces. In the DPRK, he suzong solve military sources made a huge contribution to the outcome of history that he is "not Yi fu and to forgive". To achieve this, at that time probably needs a new wave of economic viewpoint. Ancient many economists (loan under the name) has had a similar idea, but they were not able to be understood. I have not studied economics, so the process is not afraid to jump on. Just guessing and rational distribution of resources and speed up the circulation.. However, results from the later of view, is not as good as the Fifth Qi Liu Yan. Fifth Qi circulation of money is clearly a lack of understanding of blindly casting a lot of money, to pit one against ten, or fifty-one when, resulting in price rise, inflation. .
Anyway, the above two cases are considered on behalf of the most outstanding during the period of financial experts. Datang fiscal truly complete system of living hubs are achievements in the hands of Liu yan, while the system is from the beginning of the fifth qi.
Often after the death of Yan in the element set to become prime minister. And the above two, compared to far less often Yan. Strictly speaking, he is not to count as one financial home. But his thoughts on the festival with a big hand to spend money the court has always played a role in changing the culture. He paid great attention to conservation, so that the history of home "strict fine" with this rather derogatory word to describe him. And Chang Yang Yan string together both worship phase is a saving man. Cui Yu Shi Zhongcheng wide made a very luxurious villa, but he heard Yang string together his prime minister, quickly Jiaoren torn down. This kind of thing much more than this one. "New Book of Tang. . Yang string together Biography "on the post that Yang string together into the phase" It ran from the popular press of those, can not win record. "。 Unfortunately, he only had six months of the Prime Minister has died. The then element contains, Cheng Yuan Zhen, fish towards en have died, border, party town is relatively calm. If Mr Wan can do a few years, may not become a general Zhang jiuling..
However, toward the center of the Daizong the leading power is not from above these people, but from the meta-entrenched phase contained fourteen years. Element set is not false traitor, but not to Li Linfu, Guozhong that point. How he exclusivist, here I will not presume that rely ever before, and I said the following two points. One is the large number of financial experts are in fact brought up per set. Such as Liu Yan, Yang Yan, Han whirl and so on. Element contains the prime minister was doing too done before the specific financial work. I think this is a central feature of this constitutes an important reason. The second element contains a view that is worth considering:. .
. Ming Sha County home a little, whom the military wings of HSBC safety, the north with Lingwu five cities, whom the situation, and then give the land Longyou, as well as Anxi, is that the Xi Rong broken tibia, the high court pillow carry on. "Due to the terrain map, so that the original state officials into the degree of inter-springs, namely Acts Yong, car gate of the device noted by a basket. The magic ju short of their proposed field, is said:" Xingshiliaodi, veteran of the difficult, the letter of His Majesty a scholar words, the whole country from the, misuse carry on. "God is suspected by the indecisive. (" New Book of Tang.. Of Yuan Chuan ") above field magic called" wrong "and did not give a proof. I'd think of Yuan's very good. As a former state not far from the Sansuke, once the capital something the military can have a quick response.。 Later all Hexi ultimately tubo is deplorable.
V. Dezon period. .
Cui Youfu After the death of another great financial expert to become a prime minister. He is due to attachment of Yuan dynasty was Bianchu the Yangyan. Throughout their history, Liu Yan Yang Yan bigger than the contribution. Under the auspices of the Yang Yan, a landmark two-tax system ---- launched. It ended the previous system of rent-yung, after nearly a thousand years of feudal society has a profound effect. Some scholars even believe that the two tax laws should be implemented by the ancient Chinese feudal society as a watershed period. .
He made another specific job is to organize the State Treasury. Implementation of the reservoir, precise fenku handle data rather than a rough estimate of the past. This makes payments more clarity, on the other hand allows accurate budgets, settlement became possible. It can be said that Liu yan, Qi do is place of partial, but Yang Yan's work is coordinated by the global.
Generally, there will be political strongman, however arbitrary problems, although Yao in the Tang Dynasty, Song can not be avoided. Yang Yan is the same. When he bit into the phase under the Cuiyou Fu, Cui Youfu died, he would reverse all the policies Cuiyou Fu implement their own new set; Liu Yan is the element containing the trial of a case officer, Yang Yan was implicated by the case, his entry After doing everything possible to trap Liu Yan-phase, and finally killed by Liu Yan was demoted. His successor, Lu Qi was also killed himself. .
Another financial management during this period home is Han Huang, Kaiyuan Han off the prime minister's son. He and Yang Yan is a kind person, very dry, very arbitrary, but the practice is far less than Yang Yan Gao. His fiscal policy can be described with one word, is "harsh." This is a private party with his set, Qishangmanxia, enough to give him a great deal of public pressure. This is a common problem of political strongman, see more to feel vindicated. In fact, Han Huang's personality is high, their very thrifty, decades to change our clothes do not get very hot days the fan. Today Han Huang probably know him as the financial house is not, or politicians, but as a painter. He painted the cow was regarded as Kamijina history.。 Chang Chen's son Zhang Zhen Yuan at the date of the beginning of the latter and the Prime Minister with Han Huang to. And his father, he is also a paranoid, Ming dynasty road, focusing on the consolidation of power. Name is Li Sheng and he had a knot, but Lee Sung very willing and his reconciliation. After the match, Korea Huang Sheng Li to the latter part of the recommendation he into phase, but this kindness was he threw aside, Li Sheng annoyed. However the Rong essays is standing at the side of the Zhang rewards, including the Li Sheng degrading State on a period of, say is two grudges..
Zhang Yan biggest mistake is to reward their own interests and the national issues as a joke. Results were still like you and Tibetan, Li Sheng, Han Huang strongly disagree that the Tibetan would never disloyal. Zhang Yan was Dezon tours to take advantage of military power to reclaim the meaning of Lee Sung, Lee Sung to take the opportunity to squeeze, so strongly advocated and proposed. Tibetan ambush and parliamentary results in the field, almost military collapse of the Tang mission, general body only free muddy Affairs. Zhang Yan reward under this self-defeating, but that they have been Baxiang. .
In fact, Zhang rewards in the phase before a competent magistrate. SI Ma Ying Guo Xi chuan since, has for decades, the Prime Minister as du hongjian etc are done in Xichuan, but is the town. But since the date of assumption of the sword South Zhang Yan Xichuan servant, not only the atmosphere, every year more were bare except for a large number of taxes paid to the Imperial Court. But when Prime Ministers, but become decoration emotion, not that complex.. .
The above said a lot of money, now have to say that time two prominent politician. Zhen Yuan, military arrogance is built in the years slightly convergent, nor did the legwork in the latter the Emperor, the homeless. However, this does not mean that the opposition. The previously mentioned Zhen Yuan for three years in the name of the Tibetan to representative and you can see the trapping Tang junwu Professor tubo outclassed. The then Prime Minister Zhang appreciating this dismissal. Replaced by four generations of heavy Chen Limi.
Limi is probably the prime minister in the Tang Dynasty, one of the most legendary. The reason why he is legendary, mainly in the following. .
Second, although he versed in the art of Taoism, but also to understand in dealing with being born way of Confucianism. Taoism past most of experts or metaphysicians for political inaction, but Limi different, once the official, not false vanity, but to do a lot of practical things. He was Li Heng Su-tsung the reliance period for the brachial shares; Daizong later became the emperor ascended the throne of the division; to Dezon North Korea, is a true real prime minister. Rebellion, Limi is the chief policy makers, called the "two capitals of the complex, mostly seeking secretion, and its power is greater than Lo Lin, Fan Li cloud." Later, bribe Dezon to court in northern Tibetan Anxi to send troops to help suppress the Tibetan Zhu Zi, Credit goes to Limi opposition, Anxi North Chamber trusted by all.。 Limi took office to stop this policy to avoid further deterioration of the Bureau of surface. It is not empty, limi is the doer. Xuanzong heavy road, he developed a group of experts, and Lao Tzu into famous Prime Minister who has three. Its only Nua such as Chen Margaret; Shin sect who is contained; and $ y are the only phase one limi.
Third, Limi until Sadamoto assistant minister in the book three years to the same Pingzhang Shi, Death to Zhenyuan five years, ranking the phase just two years time, but he was in charge of the actual period of the central services began in the Su-tsung. Suzong to worship him as a relative, he is not; Daizong specifically requested him to take to do the prime minister, he did not accept when it is agreed until Dezon. Fan Wenlan, said, "Limi also probably was not working is not,,, this time really only one person can save Limi critical situation.". .
. .
Quan Yuan, and the prime minister in the evaluation of Lu Zhi, will he and the Housing Du Yao Song par. Since then this view has continued to the Song, Su Yang of the idol is. Sushi can see a lot of political commentary article in the shadow of Lu Zhi. Lu Zhi has always been known to literature, for many years for the Imperial Academy. From the Liu, Yong Jiang of the phase exclusion of auxiliary and other scribes, therefore I shall not enter into use. But the situation quickly changed into the phase of Lu Zhi at the age of thirty-year-old, so young that secondary stage, which is rare in the Tang Dynasty. .
. Pei Yanling This is a small man, got the upper hand after the course will not let Lu Zhi, and later Dezon kill Lu Zhi, Pei Yanling out a lot on power. Ouyang Xiu is lamented by the "two-husband is not gentleman villain, evil king is being who toady crisis was." .
Lu Zhi said many of the proposals, two stylistic holds some very important throne, full Tang, basically covers all his political writings. These articles are "ridiculed Chen, this time in may for the later benevolence, Bing-bing as Dan", but the latter accepted and no more, "with only 11" and other mostly "Michael deeds, not NA". Lu Zhi's experienced, naturally lead to career not proud of intellectuals. On the one hand to Lu Zhi as their role model, on the other hand to try zezong and Lu Zhi's example to alert the Kings are just for the sake of ease. Lu Zhi's most direct effect of the spirit is reflected in the Tang dynasty of some well-known literary figures.. .
If you set the limi and Lu Zhi to compared to feel great contrast. It is for the latter part of the Emperor of self-willed, one can let him be boys, and one has come to take. This will have to bypass the motivation, to face the method the problem. The duo difference good illustration is not good, as long as the motive was to be commended. Wei Zheng was a success, it is because he met Eric Lee. For the latter here, Wei Zheng to estimate the situation is not better than Lu Zhi.
Lu Zhi left, toward the center becomes Dezon as a backwater, not a trace of anger. On the one hand, the emperor became more cantankerous Dezon not believe Zaichen, where hands-on whom, to satisfy his lust for power and reduce the strong suspicion in his mind; the other hand, the prime minister who tends to be mediocre, not truly comment on the emperor, but did not dare to maximize the exercise of the prime minister's executive powers. .
Pei yanling beat Lu Zhi when old age, it was not long before they are dead. His deathbed recommended Cui loss to phase, phase loss after Cui nine, Ka Mo, until the disease died. Cui loss after death, Ying, Zheng Xun Gao Yu, Justin was the habay phase over the same period, the venerable du you later also became Prime Minister, and before and after the death of the latter to become Prime Minister. These four people are prestigious personalities, especially high-ying, vulgar pomposity, lonely Yang Qing Jian, protecting, Cui Yu-Fu style. The Tang historical supplement "cloud," then Zhen Yuan dynasty, a high-Ching ying, artistry, but also public enough to take charge of the customs. "Zheng Xun Yu, also have a thick Holm is the name of the King from later he Shuwen group attitude can be seen.. Their performance is very small, although Jia Dan will enter a phase, but the prime minister and the group which dares to speak, "the invention of the safety of major death, and seized the body with its efforts" only; Du veteran minister of state, although the Consul General of the prime minister, But first, Wang Shuwen, so after Mrs Huang Chang Quan Chen, it is generally not his place to speak. However, "Wong Wah four of mind" and "Tong Dian" today to make these two famous ancient geographer and historian known for. So their political achievements, while small, the impact of their academic history is larger. .
On behalf of the German inter-Korean Military to tolerate, often to the book with the real prime minister Ha name Ping Zhangshi Jiedushi granted. Clearly these Jiedushi outside town, is the prime minister does not have the power to exercise. I said a lot in front of the Prime Minister this term. North Korea in Dezon ago, this is only a leading role in the central nervous system of the prime minister's call. The reason they play a leading role, the main and their ability, prestige and their relevant personal relationship with the emperor. Dezon North Korea after the real prime minister prime minister appeared. It has been shown in the official name of the restrictions..
. Now view all the class to which the representatives of the three is the big landlords (Du Jing Zhao, Ying Yang Cheng, Bohai high), for "innovation" hit its fundamental interests, and become the "innovation" opposition. (Of course, this view has been refuted objections). Although this does not rule out the inside of the ingredients, but I think the power may be more important things. First, Wang Shuwen the door first, and clearly not enough qualified than some of the old phase, but the support of his case in the cis affairs of state under the left and right of the old relative who is not completely looked down on, which naturally lead to dissatisfaction. For example, Du, send away his real degree, but the financial power to Fu Shi Wang Shuwen the hands of the whole.。 "Shuwen down, yelling at collectors, collectors into white, friendship, Pavilion and Shuwen language. Xun Yu and Ying du you, high supervisory pending suffix. The Congress, the white: "two officials of the public with the meal. "Xun Yu sing said:" I can be a complex living this life! ", left and right from the horse's not out of the 7 bedroom.
Wang Shuwen Shichong excesses of this behavior, how can the capacity for the various prime minister? . .
Plus, two Kings of morality is not to put the tooth of the Prime Minister. Wang Shu-Wen too publicity, publicity does not matter, the problem is you must have a real talent, but he's just a good civil scholars from pet; Wang Pi's greed trait is tedious, "when the party is the door, and if the boiling soup especially thong world pi qiu Xie, Sun and not charging. A casket for giant, orifices to Jane, that is not out, sleep on it. " This statement describes is an upstart miser's image. This and two Kings in the "innovations" eradication of large corrupt Jing Zhao Yin Li Shi, probably than not and..
This "innovation" the head of the poor quality of the group actually had decided the "innovation" is not fruitful. Behind the "nectar of the change" is the same situation. If the emperor has a truly enterprising group as a trust politicians, not the villain with some words of political speculation, history may well be different. .
Now people seem to aristocratic landlords political offensive that they deprived the true reading of Sze opportunities. But the experience from the Sui and Tang dynasties, the aristocratic landlords in most of the time, no doubt more than RMB for scholars of higher capacity. $ And early political, ZTE and the subsequent rule of Huichang as examples. There are also so-called "Muo", in accordance with the opinion of Chen, "cow" is to represent students from impoverished scholars class, which is the "lidang" on behalf of the aristocratic landlords of Shandong province. (This issue will be detailed later said that, here is the authority in this statement). But Li party quality, competency and achievement over cattle and the party called is obvious.. .
"The imperial dynasty, du bin public (monarch) for volume, Zheng less insurance (Yuqing) of Qing Jian,-Wuchang railway Yang (enshrouding) of pristine, Ang Lee Yap (Chi-Fu) in Chile, Pei (ji) adhere, Li slave shot (絳) strong-Chen, Wei NaN (guan) of kin, BAE Jin Gong (degrees) of Hongda, also by Chi. ”。.
The above passage is from the Li Zhaoxing of the "Tang Dynasty Supplement." Kenso yuan and Li Zhaoxing years is contemporary, so this time, then you can generally reflect the opinion of the yuan and the various phases of the evaluation. .
The Imperial Emperor is the first since the Tang dynasty can be said to be more as emperor. He brought element and ZTE and Zhenguan compared to heyday, Kaiyuan although there is a gap, but it certainly shows the Datang advanced continues strong momentum exists; assist in the creation of such a situation the Imperial of AZ-Chen were undoubtedly deserve. Du birdwing is element and the Prime Minister in the first outstanding. The Imperial's choice came to power, he faced from strong-Xichuan challenges. Zhang Yan Xichuan originally in bonus, Wei Gao's governance, largely restored, but death is a Wei Gao, the section on future Deputy to Liu for the table, and the Governor, it seems that if the Court Libingmoma refused to use force.. But Mrs Huang Chang opposition, and the military forces of interest and strongly. Du's views were widely supported, but also touched Kenso. So an army led by the Gao Chongwen, almost equal to JN, quickly achieved full power. .
But however long Imperial Li Chi in the Western rebellion. The Prime Minister has become a vu element value for money, he is also a strong hawks, he and the Prime Minister Li Gil-Fu in the planning, the troops in West, become confusing soon subsided.
Yuan and twelve years, decided to send troops Huaixi Kenso, as compared with the war party Pei Du, Li 愬 to be presided over military affairs.愬 snowy night into the CAI, the chief culprit in the first grant of Wu Ji. The battle, not only eliminates the risk of the East are the Zhou Ye, and to ensure that the source of the Tang Fu financial stability. Contains the history of this war "right way to cross the Navy Jiedushi Tsang, King attributed Yousi two states, the right of the DPRK in the capital," "Cheng-Chung Wang Xian De, Di, two states", "Han Hong to Kaifeng, Song, cents, Ying four state attributed to Yousi, Philip towards the capital. " So everything go, were indicative of the enormous impact of this war. .
After this a few times against war, Tang dynasty previous palliative policy change by the final military arrogance convergence, Don's centralized again strengthened. Du birdwing, Wu Yuan Heng, Pei du also entered the phase of Tang Yin. Troop-contributing Xichuan, du birdwing persist in using shence army for making high Norman. At the time of the large crowd sujiang du in this puzzling. Then know that the second person of intermediate, du exists bribery monarch so stop phase. However later proved that high military to do Chong Wen, this will only throughout middle and are very rare. In Shu combat is the weak point of the dynasties, either successfully or costly.. .
Wu Yuan scale appearance is a distinguished scholar of insects, but in fact it is a tough hawks, and that's why we invite local authorities Assassin's assassination. I think he is in the middle name and style of the first. His Deputy was undoubtedly the Pei degree his infection, feels his good friend Li Gil Fu Li is also the son of inherited his teachings. In front of the new century Prime Minister Zhang jiuling while also known as elegant, but to feel a bit behind some devious as the free and easy. This name has the effect of the song, sung with special emphasis on style, each name is a necessary phase behind the story.
Zhaojun Li family in Shandong, has produced many outstanding talents. Once the yuan and, in particular Li Zhaojun is a period of glory. Because Zhaojun yuan and three-bedroom in a room out of a Korean prime minister: Liji Fu, Li Fan, Li Jiang. .
Li Gil-Fu is a controversial figure. He twice for the first phase, and Wu Yuan Heng is a worship phase, after being framed traffic Warlock, please resign. The second phase was recommended in the successor BAE Ji phase after the strike. Li Gil-Fu is characterized by the largest Li Chao-above "-meter." Although high chongwen into Shu co-ordination is the contribution of the monarch, but details were Li Gil now a lot of work, in particular in the coordination of the various relationships. Shizai "Liu Ping, having just opened to the majority". (When he's not the Prime Minister). Restrictions on military personnel, Li Gil-Fu is the great merit. He is more than a year of his term, easy-to-military governors 36, nobody dared to speak up.. Li Jifu been criticized for is his second after some of the practices for the phase. Pei Ji Making his recommendation, but because Bae Ji Making changes in some of his policy, so unpopular with Pei Ji Making, and later had him the whole to death. Li-fan of Li Jifu reentry have any comments, Li Jifu into the phase after a very tactful way (like the trap in front of Yao Chong Zhang) poked a scar Kenso. The scar is the Lee clan against the use of troops obey Kenso Huaixi views, but allow the passage of section Yue Wu Shaoyang things. Kenso very unhappy, thus Li fan-free.。 Li Gil Fu hosted an imperial, juzi tombs of bovine monk, Li min call foul on current events, such as Li Gil now think they are accusing himself, crying out in front of the Imperial until bovine, Lee, and so is processed. This thing is supposed to be the later of Zhaoyuan party struggles. Li Gil-Fu in the hub will probably have no friends, you may only start element value for money, and so few. Later, when the Imperial memories Li Gil-Fu, and that he too cunning, known only to calculate the Jiang Li is the Prime Minister. Up to now, Li Gil Fu such names are mostly second-rate has no reputation. Possible through the element and the county map of Chi "know him some more. Call him a geographer is appropriate.
Li Fan, Wei Zheng Li Jiang is a class of people. Second, Lee was known for all to Gengzhi good at Zhijian, especially disgust, as the eunuchs and the rhetoric of people like Li Jifu, but the war often hold opposing views. However, this does not mean that they have inherited the weakness of the student's appeasement of Military. Them from the perspective of people's livelihood, more than that the state finance the war can not afford too much expenses. Especially in the sudden spit eunuch Wei Bo Cheng Cui reactive but also to discuss after the bad financial situation even more prominent. Later Kenso want to send troops, Lijiang force the bridge, and analysis of the situation, that Weibo their shaky, there is no need to exhaust the state's potential and seek temporary.。 Known as "business-as it began, the Crimson's creators to".
In the evaluation of future generations which, Zhaojun the three prime ministers in Lijiang is the most praise, and the reason may be, and Wei Zheng, ling, Lu Zhi was praised as a microcosm of an intellectual character is the moral example of a period of time ; followed by Li Jifu, said he was Xianxiang's also that he is a traitor there are also; then there are Li Fan, Li-fan in fact, little or no criticism, but can be ineffective, too little performance. .
Cheng Yinyun toward the Dezon were father and son has been a strong supporter of smooth, it is probably him into one of the biggest reasons for the phase. At first, Cheng Yinyun is a very independent man, from the stand along cases, constitutional cases, including the proposed central power can not be separated so that the eunuch can be seen in events such as this. Interestingly, however, is that the reason was actually remove him Kenso Zheng Yinyun not satisfied the "nothing to suggestions." Fan Li mentioned earlier this is because the replacement of more than Zheng Yinyun him.。.
Northern surname in a four-high doors Qinghe II Cui, Fan Yang Romer during this period have not had the prime minister, but added not in the scope of the east of Shandong Pei phase out the two names, one Bae Ji Making and the other can be called the greatest statesman of the Tang Pei Du. Not presented in the previous prime minister had Kenso North Korea, you can talk about the will that they have had. Introducing the two before the late prime minister of the yuan and made a general said. .
. Yin in the "Korean monument," a poem fully affirmed the status of the Korean monument. .
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. He Huaixi quite the battle role, however, and later had a paradoxical Peidu, resulting strike. The latter said a lot Kenso not want to hear. The most famous example is that Kenso Huangfushan Bo should add "filial piety" in the appellation, but the Cui group that the word is not suitable for Kenso. Cui Xian Zong group it could be the throne from his father was seized, and his father's policy of repeal, be denounced for its old people, so can not use the word filial piety. This naturally allows Kenso very upset. At this time he has offended with the Reds Huangfu Bo, his Baxiang became a matter of course. .
Liji Fu Pei Ji Making the teacher can be considered, multi-Lai Pei Li Jifu Ji Making the power of fortune. The Pei Ji Making a lot of things done for Li Jifu. After the chaos level western Zhejiang, the world is the jeep as Xianxiang, of which there are a lot of credit for Pei Ji Making. However, after the phase Bae Ji Making, actually, and Li Jifu enemies. Later, Li Jifu again got the upper hand, completely ignoring and past friendship, Pei Ji Making the suppression of the exclusion until the death of Bae Ji Making. Liji Fu Pei Ji Making underestimated, and he hopes to be his forever Bae Ji Making disciples, but Pei Ji Making of talent, how could the willing puppet stage. Bae Ji Making for the phase change of more than the old system, governance in order to testimonies, either to the elite, not only established the elements and the final rule, but also for a few towards the future a large number of training personnel.。.
Huaixi dollars and nine years since the war began, at last dollar and twelve years for the dollar and toward the previous time in the longest war. In this war, Peidu from the role of commander in chief. Yan Shou war generals, Li Yan, Li Tong, Yin Wu heavy, high-Xia apartment, Han Hong, Li 愬 are all famous at that time, but can not afford to co-ordinate the war. Gateway to the concept of their heavy and difficult to unity. Therefore, government troops early record is not optimistic. In Guang Yan, Xia apartment so Chilebaizhang high after the prime minister and other ministers, including Li Fengji formed a very strong, including anti-war forces. This time the situation is Peidu out support, the force that makes the program Buzhi Yu has been aborted.。.
Yuan and later, in one of the words ---- Tang clique politics has seen. Represented by the prime minister and his minions Lifeng Ji "Eight sixteen children." At this time, they are obviously not the political mainstream. The mainstream is really different way, these financial systems Huangfushan Bo officials and eunuchs came. But Kenso a death clique problem can suddenly become very pronounced. Lifeng Ji, Yuan Zhen pay dumping Peidu, Peidu the protege Li Zongmin, world and where he left him, and so these are after the words. In the end no matter what the group which Peidu, for these people, he is negative. Kenso asked about his attitude to cronies, he replied: "gentleman villain with class and together, not only those without.
Mouzon served as prime minister before the throne Cui Zhi, Du Yuanying can be said that aggravating questions more than the generation. Kenso finally resolved Military issue, one of their hands immediately went down the drain. You state, one after another into the German armed forces mutiny, Hebei complex and chaotic. Muzong Jun Chen at a loss on the occasion, but also Peidu come out and take on responsibility crusade, the rate of re-Yin Wu, Li Yan and other financial advance on rebel Zucker, WANG Ting-Cou. This time the situation has been far and the yuan and the period compared. Mouzon did not like to give Peidu Kenso strong support for the prime minister was not with them all together, but the constant pull back.。.
Changed the meaning of the court, but the style has not changed Peidu tough. Zucker financial compromise the court has become increasingly arrogant. His excuse for a particular reward is too coarse abuse of the court to require the court to re-allocation of cloth and three hundred thousand soldiers as a spring clothing, and threatened not to do so, they would mutiny. Although the emperor was angry, but then a legislator, ready to send someone to comfort. Peidu stop this practice that must not set a precedent. He detailed analysis of the financial strength of Zucker, Zucker finance not only unable to use military force that, it will be too arrogant and to the disaster. He suggested that the delay time, wait and see. Sure enough, shortly after, Zucker incorporated as men killed.。.
。 Lee fengji is crony fathers in the Tang dynasty, he again sometime during the phase makes to the Court politics as Wenzong crony the electrode.
Although subsequent Peidu still prime minister, but in Jingzong come forward after running out of politics. Jing Zong, Zong towards the affairs of state are two very pointed questions, one clique, one eunuch. Peidu has always hated the eunuchs, but also for the negative attitude cronies. Many scholars in the study of Tang party struggles, it will be attributed to the so-called Peidu "Lee party" because he recommended a ranking positions for the phase, and Lifeng Ji school of enemies. I think there are some problems. First, "Lee Party" within the meaning of a problem. I very much agree with the view of Mr. Cen Mian, in his view the party that Lifeng Ji Li, Li Zongmin party, rather than ranking positions of the party; he is no party that ranking positions. (Reason later).
Yuan and the prime minister of the DPRK's a lot of living to the master of literature, such as Li Jiang, Wang Ya, Lifeng Ji, Pei Du are is. Li Jiang Yuan and later prime minister and never did, a generation famous officials, can be described as useless, and finally killed unjustly in Jiannan; Wangya many grudges, his death Ganlu, foreign and cheering; Lifeng Ji is a big traitor, notoriety; only Peidu one person from start to finish, were moving Hua Yi, of style, pass on the ancient and modern. The unofficial record on a lot of grace Peidu, his panic, a step cool idea of God, strong ethics are not only directly affect the name of the next phase of Datang's ranking positions, and become a model for Song Zaichen. .
Cen's argument ranking positions to add to the party's material can not participate in the Five Sun Guangxian book "Bei" Volume on ranking positions in the record. .
. And some perspective, the "war party" push and to the element set, Yang Yan and Liu Yan, Cui Youfu opposition period, which is too large to combat one of the suspects. .
. Tai Zong period, he also strongly make too Quan Chen Zheng Note, Li Xun, want to return to the Fung Chi, but without success. .
. Second, although the increasingly intensified the contradictions Lee, but there was still work with them the situation. Wo six winter event in Victoria's world and where the image of a great loss to the bit, ranking positions to be transferred back to the capital, the spring will be replaced next year in the central position of cattle. Li with the next two years for half a year in the central, often ranking positions will be "half the clique courtier" to the group talks about, Li Zongmin finally can not hold out for the military commissioner. Li Zongmin left, ranking positions could have a go, but the other forces there, and that is supported by Zong-Xun Li, Zheng Note. Two very jealous of the status ranking positions on the ranking positions in the integrity and fear, I managed to squeeze ranking positions.
Previously known as the party struggles in the Tang Dynasty, "Niu Li Party" I think it is driving up the world and where. Phase into the world and where are the others twice referral, or at the Lifeng Ji Li Zongmin men are just as equipped as it. And the clique of other key difference is that much better the world and where word of mouth. Mouzon period, he was appreciated because without bribes; his first period for the phase, due to the actions of the eunuchs could not understand the request is automatically removed from the prime minister post; was master of literature called "gold antiquities than the status of gentleman" .
Ranking positions, such as hatred is a disease cronies who feud, "ranking positions without the party said," It is based on a lot of literature written on this point. Some people think that the ranking positions in the two Tang Shuji recorded clique and the emperor asked the question can only be regarded as one of the words, to defend themselves only. However, the actual situation, the ranking positions of the factions such as the concept is far from Li Zongmin grave. If Takemune the beginning immediately, to not support their prime minister at Sifu Yang, Li Jue.。.
However, it should be noted that although no cliques ranking positions, but does not mean he is not partisan and cattle Lee personal. The first phase of competition into the fight when the cause, followed by ranking positions outside town, when the pressure from his cronies Morohito. Thus, of Huainan Jiedushi ranking positions after taking over the world and where to create financial problems and put down Zelu the world and where, after attacking the world and where Shen He, Li Zongmin Military and other collaboration not difficult to understand these events. Power-type politician, and never will be in and attitude towards political opponents, Yao Chong are not the exception, not to mention ranking positions. .
. So many, making a very short time, the situation is a new look, called the "ZTE is when the royal family a few." Later, the political and Huichang completely contrary to the so-called "Emperor Xuan Zong of the rule," even though "Little Golden Years" reputation, but after all, is less enlightening, without any exciting things. VIII, Emperor Xuan Zong, Yi Zong, Akimune period. .
Min is the ranking positions in the white hand-picked. Wuzong thought was to use veteran Bai, but was ranking positions of the opposition. Min Li Deyu advocate the use of white in the place of his brother. Because of this relationship, sensitive in the White Dynasty became prime minister in Huichang. When ranking positions were Xuanzong's Bianchu later, the attack on his white sensitivity in that one. It was speculated that future generations, ranking positions famous "villain of" is written in for the White Min. White is sensitive towards the first prime minister Xuanzong, re-elected for five years, and the rest of this term of office of prime minister, compared with less than six months, be regarded as a long. But White is not sensitive in a competent prime minister, the history of words, "similar praise or blame, five among the non-stretched it out reason."
Kenso the hills to Linghu Chu to the young Emperor Xuan Zong when fashion left a deep impression. Emperor Xuan Zong's reign, we find a New Light Linghu Chu Linghu son, asked for, the doubly courtesy, and soon became the prime minister, and in the white spaces became sensitized to the Prime Minister in the Home-bit years. Some people think that he and contradictions exist between the white-sensitive, but I did not find evidence. Instead, the prime minister can do Linghu New Light, White Min is out in force. The general view is that all the world and where two, Li Zongmin successor, inherited the clique has always been the one hand, political opinion, on the other hand to help complete the liquidation Takemune Xuanzong political and minister of state.
Bai, Ling Hu came to power two are in Yizong again become the prime minister, but when white old age has to cope with their position; and Linghu New Light because of his son's bribery case and Baxiang. .
Yi Zong of the Tang Dynasty extremely rare indulgence of a monarch, Datang terminally ill in his hands. He is very luxurious, which led to the luxury of the whole community, the backbone of his more than a luxury. The first is income Yang, Yang received the impoverished, but when the prime minister after corruption bad, and fame, along with his brother, accepting bribes, a spokesman for the Central Military. Five Sketches of some of such a story, talking about the prime minister Yang of you received and after the procedure with the general requirements for the various phases and low price with him to eat dim sum for lunch, to show his frugality, it was deliberately asked Yang home children, before we know Yang received at home every morning to eat the delicacy.。 Road rock was the Emperor's son-in-law, new Jin-Heng wei Bao squeezing the Prime Minister to step down, Wei's position is the end of the unique yizong actual Prime Minister. He not only inherited the Yang, road, and since more arbitrary, teacher and classmates left off.
Despite its lackluster Yi Zong emperor, but his men are not without a slightly upright Prime Minister. For example, Liu Zhan, his entry phase, the ruling and opposition parties that have Xianxiang. But soon, his opposition to the Yi Zong Ying Fogu, under the wrath of the day was Yizong recall. Another example is indeed Cao, Bi-Hsien Chou, Yi Zong is a prestigious pre-prime minister, they carry with Confucianism, Chen Jian Lian bitter, and the extravagance of the social atmosphere was in stark contrast. However, Yang was closed for the Prime Minister, clique,, the situation is not changed by this duo. .
Xiao Yang imitation of a stage close to the road rock, Wei Baoheng cronies left a good bribe for the reform of the object, with the able support Cuiyan Zhao, we have obtained the "Colonial few months, Sri Lanka held a hundred staff, the police and not trouble" in good results. But did not last long, Xiao imitation died after one year, took over the Yi Zong Chen Li Wei straight times, and Liu Zhan, like Li Wei is also known to oppose Yizongningfo. .
Mr Frank Tang Cheng is the best of the Prime Minister, although he was a scholar, but standing in the Tang dynasty's perspective, he will undoubtedly be suppressed the revolt of May and in the process of setting maximum likeyong. In the revolt of early soldiers committed jianghuai, Prime Minister LU with the requirements of the Imperial Court called servant Huainan, high parallelism keep 10 cases were also very high in prose, so rely heavily on time throughout the country hopes to (unfortunately, the text appears garbled here------posted to note) Lu bring also a more capable Prime Minister, in the previously mentioned and Zheng butchers controversy, he butchers face on the spot and Zheng, and will fall to beeswax. It is said that the relationship between two people or relatives, as Prime Minister, this behavior does not become decency.. Lu is a strong person to carry, combined with unusual and high-parallel relationship, so the proposed high parallel play is understandable. In all fairness, Tang Gao Pian is undoubtedly the most outstanding generals, wise and brave, invincible. Huainan lost a war, and his idea is inseparable from the portal, when the number of reinforcements to the town of Jiedushi in Huainan, but do not help with high parallel said, urging its return to the military. Datang Huainan number is the first town, Gao Pian naturally want to disarray, according to a long-term, rather than to meddle in other people. If the high parallel with Zhujiang Lulitongxin, Huang Chao may not be blocked. .
Special thanks Taishi affairs of finishing. .
May 24, 2010 4-6 pm, the Peking University Research Center of Chinese history are invited to the University of Kansas (University of Kansas) teaches history at making the report Mr. Lu Yang, entitled "the collapse of the Tang Empire and heritage - New Thoughts on an Old Problem. "。.
How about the collapse of the Tang Empire this problem, scholars seem to have different levels of "conclusive", but in fact address this issue, the academic discussion is very limited and has not been completely answered, there is still much worth discussing space. Mr. Lu Yang Tang Empire to the collapse of the report as a starting point to analyze the collapse of its own particularity Tang Empire, Ancient China and then explore in depth the social, political characteristics, thinking the ninth century the entire political, cultural pattern formation and its significance, the Tang, Five Dynasties to the Song as a historical unit of study intended to reconstruct the historical period in the political, social and cultural. .
First, what is the Empire: the special nature of the collapse of the Tang Empire. .
Third, the chaos in the orderly: clean culture, proliferation and transformation of the Tang and Five Dynasties. .
4. Recalling the past Kaiyuan quansheng: how to reconstruct the historical memory of the late Tang dynasty.
Fifth, when the death of the Tang Dynasty: Speaking from the Pirenne hypothesis. .
In the first part, first on traditional sense that lead to the demise of the Tang dynasty two major factors: the rise and fall with the military division of the foreigner-challenged. From an external point of view, Mr. Chen in the political history of the Tang dynasty manuscript "the last chapter speaks to a chain of the" foreigner ", a view that the rise and fall of Tang Empire has always followed the rise and fall of the foreigner. This is a rather broad interpretation, but the Tang Empire disintegrated in nine of the century, had the most threatening the Tang forces are no longer exists. Truly threatening empire, until the end of the Tang gradually from the stage of history, in fact, in the late Tang dynasty was a lot of living space.. The late Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuan Zong, Yi Zong era, almost all of the Military, including the traditionally considered to be in the hands of the Heshuo Taketo and other places in the Military, almost all the civilian-based, civilian politics dominated the Military. The Bailiff is within the central system in the Tang Dynasty, the most cultivated clear to the officials, the different ideas we previously held that where the Tang Wan Qi is the swordsman of the world, the local nature of the military leadership has changed. Tang not only achieve a temporary comparative advantage of external, internal has been basically solved a long time Military Taketo control. In this case, the collapse of the Tang Empire was very much a sudden event. .
First, is the cultural imagination of the Tang court. Changes in the ninth century Tang Dynasty, there is a prominent phenomenon in the Tang Dynasty that the central government more control over the decline in the increasingly fading, but the court of the Tang Dynasty as the main body of the rising cultural status, social recognition of their increasingly widespread . .
In the Tang dynasty palace cultural status of rising cases, resulted in the ninth century the new changes of the second aspect, that is, in the second half of the Tang dynasty, actually appeared on Chinese history and late Empire autocratic Imperial's basic structure, directly affects the Tang and five dynasties and song, especially the song later. This authoritarian imperial power, not relying on any one of the Emperor, but rather a system, a special regime with control of force, to make the Emperor's personal ideas, authority to implement them. The autocratic imperial power in the late Tang dynasty, it appears in the Tang dynasty, the Emperor during the period of decline began building a personal-centric rule system, highlighting the Emperor personal political authority.. After the Rebellion, through a period of time, Tang Ting began to master the system, political system to maintain the pattern of the late Tang Dynasty. .
. Examination of these scholars important way into the court, is an examination of existing cultural and political identity means, rather than a means to manufacture. Scholars and examination, and shaping the Tang Dynasty in the late clean culture. .
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Fourth, the Tang Dynasty established the court as the center of the cultural imagination, a new imperial system, followed by another rise of the new elite culture. These factors impact the formation of the penetration of the entire society and civil and military to separately. Mentioned earlier, the ninth century, civilian Military leaders have been gradually replaced by the Tang dynasty, do not in power and force, which is not only a major institutional change, but also involves a value of cultural identity. Court advocacy cultural values of a culture, supported by civil and political, to infiltrate the local Military, Tang from the central and local governments have started to accept civilian rule, Imperial Examination System, continues to retain this value system, not disappeared with the collapse of the Tang Empire .
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Finally, Mr. Lu Yang from the perspective of comparative history, to explain the significance of the end of the Tang Empire. As a plurality of empire, with diversity of society, all races, who, under the banner of the Tang Dynasty, playing various roles, they agree to varying degrees, in this regime. This sense of identity, the Tang regime to "continue." The continuity may not necessarily have to depend on the Lee family itself, but attempts to restore imperial rule pattern diversity efforts. Such as the Later Tang Dynasty tried to restore the boundaries of the Tang and pattern; Southern Tang family name changed to Lee for the country; Khitan want to continue to some extent the authority of the Tang Dynasty. Beyond the geographical and ethnic identity, is the real significance of the Empire. .
. If the talk about "The Separation of the text of the infiltration and civil and military," this issue, the use of military commissioners easily be the tomb of the king in the mural at the direct material, indicating that the swordsman began to accept the "text" values. .
In the interest of time, Mr. Lu Yang on report of the fifth section describes it very briefly, but stated that the scope is very extensive. Put as many of the issues covered a topic, embodies Mr. Lu Yang on academic deep thinking and height control ability. At the same time, this subject not only to focus on specific historical sui, history of thought, but also brought about the scholars as the attention of scholars in Chinese history as a whole, making it a very useful source of inspiration. (Zi Gu Li Wei finishing) Tang Empire that will break down — an old problem of (initial consolidation).
Time: May 24, 2010. .
Moderator: Mr. Rong Xinjiang. .
Speaker: Mr. Lu Yang.
Recording: Voice Recorder. .
Lu Yang Lecture:. .
Thank you, I was surprised that so many students, of course, as in university education, see so many students on this very dull problem so interested, I certainly from my personal feeling is a very gratifying. As Mr. Jiang Rong said, of course, his many exaggerated actually gave me a lot of pressure, but I did almost exactly ten years ago, at the same time, my first time back to the North. In fact at that time, I now start thinking on the subject of a start, and then report it is associated with.. I just arrived in Beijing two days ago, when there is an old friend, he told me, and said, very young, why choose such a big topic? I do not know how to answer him, my only answer is that my age does not light, and another I could not answer. This shows that this is not an easy question to answer, so I chose this topic today, one of the reasons is because, the past few years, many academic friends, they may be more familiar with that, I published an article Ye Hao, do report good, more and more focus on the social history of Buddhism, Buddhist cultural history aspects. So some friends the impression that it seems I was not there before leaving in the ancient history of traditional concern to these problems.。 Today, I especially want to Center in the medieval history of this great occasion, to advise the gentlemen, classmate in my opinion, I believe that can get very good criticism and corrected.
Well, this topic is because of my consideration, the subject itself can cover a lot of problems, but the subject is also able to not only give attention to specific historical problems Sui scholars of history to bring some think, but if the overall are concerned, I think this issue is more important. Today, I am of course not used to this particular PowerPoint, do not know how to say in Chinese. I recently saw "The New York Times" an article about the U.S. military favorite PowerPoint, PowerPoint and their illustrations do not understand you completely, numerous lines connected to each other.。 So I was very hesitant is not to use, but speech, because this issue involves comparison of surface also, I believe this may be used for this comparison can reveal.
This is the outline of my report, the problem is, the collapse of the Tang Empire. I think this problem, at least from my understanding, it seems that not much academic discussion. Because of the collapse of the Tang Empire, or the demise of the Tang Dynasty, depending on different definitions of different scholars, seems to be a has been basically solved. At least, why the decline of the Tang Dynasty, this issue, concluding what had been in there.. In fact, my idea is to say, I may give you a more broad-brush explanation of each part is actually very in-depth study should be done. I am just in every respect to do some research, so I hope that more scholars to join. Very happy, today I would like to mention is that this speech at the same time, Stephen Owen as Peking University is also about the cultural history of the Song Dynasty, I think it makes sense. If I had not chosen this day to make a speech, I also hope to hear his report. .
On my personal experience over the last few years, at least in Western countries, in particular with regard to the study of ancient history, in the most worthy of note is the confluence of literature and history. Study of literature is more and more concerned about the history of scholars; research history of scholars had to begin to pay attention to previously defined as literature or other kind of information, and then use this information to learn about our research. Therefore, this involves for example following a thematic, "recalls a bygone Kaiyuan quansheng day," how to refactor the historical memory of the late Tang dynasty. The last sentence is, of course, more eye-catching, but I do not explain me why here.. So I think from the perspective of history to mention some of the more views. .
. "The so-called" bad Guilin-based "means that Tang must always take great strength to maintain its frontier defense," Guilin "of course refers to the case for the defense Nanzhao. So, he made a point of view is that Tang always rise and fall of empires rise and fall with the alien is linked, of course, there is no doubt this is correct. But if we reduce it to a specific time for such a collapse of the Tang Empire, he explained, including our close reading of his the chapter, we find that he talked about the rise and fall of the Tang and associated destruction and alien, when he also say that our materials is not enough, it is difficult in this area for further analysis.. .
. However, before the era of Emperor Xuan Zong with Yizong, if you go look at the composition of Military Jiedushi, we will find that almost all of the Military, including the traditionally considered to be in the hands of the Military Taketo, almost all civil and political, almost all is a civil Jiedushi, and it is not a general sense of the civil service, but a central system in the Tang Dynasty, trained within the most clear to the officials. So that is, in fact, we have been to places swordsman of the world. In fact to the late ninth century, it seems not such a situation. Or that we need to redefine what exactly is the situation.. So I would like to start talk about this angle, I would like to talk about is the redefinition of political authority. I think the ninth century is a very special time, whether from the information we now have, or are exposed to the problem, are very noteworthy. .
I would like to raise is the invisible force, is how we understand the invisible forces in the Middle Ages played a role in what? Then in the political, cultural, and social development, it played a role in what? Is how to grasp the kind of invisible force? Then the first one I would like to make is this invisible force. If we see the nineteenth century, I have used an English word, is called (Luk did not say it, in fact, should be the enigma).
So I would like to make one is the court's cultural imagination. Late author's writing we liked, in all of our existing Tang historical data, there is a very striking impression on me, though, especially the center of the Tang court, particularly imperial power, it seems that the control of his more and more down, we can not deny this. That is, its local control, etc., have different degrees of weakening. However, in the same period, we see as the main palace of the Tang Dynasty of such a culture, it's this identity, it is this imagination, it's this recognition, in fact, constantly rising. This is a strange phenomenon.
Then put the second point first, that is, the imagination of the court the rising cultural circumstances, I think the latter half of the Tang Dynasty, there is actually late imperial Chinese history, the basic pattern of imperial tyranny, in fact, the Five Dynasties, Song later , especially after the Song, the situation of autocratic imperial power, in fact, largely in the late Tang Dynasty have been produced. Western scholars generally our previous understanding of the autocratic imperial power, often to the emergence of autocratic imperial power, on the one with the control of a dynasty in particular, because a particularly control, you only can imagine that the emperor can establish a political the pattern, to make his own thoughts, the authority can be implemented.. Yesterday, I have the opportunity to discuss Mr. Wu Liyu, a lot of encouragement by her, there was a discussion of the direction is on this. But the emperor, as a special system, it has a "private" in nature, but it "private" in nature and not personal will, not a single King said today on how to go nuts, but it established a system, it represents a different power, and how this different kind of power to exercise, how to develop its authority, what kind of role play, how to keep it going the whole pattern of the political system. This is the real invention Tang.。 So for this problem I also have a more detailed discussion, I just wanted to mention.
The third I think the real invention of the late Tang Dynasty, and probably also in importance over the previous two. Is a new cultural entity, a political and cultural formation. Political culture we now use this word a lot, I am concerned, the term used when the need to compare carefully. But I am here, I think this is a more appropriate example, that it is indeed a political culture, that culture with the political are inseparable. And culture with the political, cultural, but also has its own special meaning, it is not that we down from the Qin and Han China, you can use the previous cultural patterns to explain the late Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and the emergence of cultural patterns.。 The key is two words, the first is the "elite", the second is the "Imperial". Writers, here I have not used the general sense of the literati, because I was afraid you would think that this is a more general sense, for example, the literati, Ming-era, such a use. In fact, I try to avoid such usage. In fact, I am referring to the "author" is a special group, this is a special political and social groups, and even here I can use the "quit his" is to represent the Imperial Court, or administrative systems at all levels in the drafting of political instruments in such a group.. Possess this elite social status, which have in the community that such a self-sustaining capacity is very alarming. .
One of the last two years Huizong collection of essays, the United States out of which one is the United States an influential study of literature, a senior scholar Tang Yi Langnuo (Ronald Egan) specially written articles, he discussed the Huizong's Palace Lyrics, also related to Wang's Palace Lyrics. In the Palace Lyrics, and he in particular did this first explanation, here is my Chinese translation, "the emperor might some of hard thinking about the civil and military officials for his services, with the proper order Yingtao to express their appreciation, but this immeasurable kindness from a distant place come to them, to give a token gift to the emperor's duty, but the subjects as they are not eligible to show their gratitude in person.。 "I saw his explanation, I think in General see this explanation, we feel that this interpretation was still very careful, if you just literally complete sense. But I think this explains precisely not put it in a special in the middle of the cultural, political background on understanding, so he put the whole poem to express completely wrong, completely upside down. He is most critical is to learn one of your keywords, we now talk about keywords, first sentence, the inside of this keyword, it is this "drafting official.". Imperial Academy is what I talk about the formation of the special cultural, political groups are among the few top-level people, their identity, their cultural, social, and political identity is paramount, so that these "draft-chen." Then the "white window" and "white window" is actually referring to their place of work, that is, Hanlin Imperial Academy, the - the so-called Forbidden City - the Daming Palace inside. "Cherry Red early" to say the emperor has a courtesy that is the reward subjects as Cherry, Cherry results every time, with fresh cherry to the subjects as, is a special reward.。 In his view, I am going to give thanks, on behalf of the Emperor on your true grace, it seems to be your place. This is the English speaking of conventional thinking, it is a traditional way of thinking, in fact it does not meet the specific of the Tang dynasty. These "drafting official" truly represents the identity of his cultural elite, he drafted the text of the Decree, the strength is his true that all of the source of such access. In this sense, what better than to write a chapters, with the most gorgeous perfectionist, with very good language, to thank the Emperor, to become more important, is more friendly.. So it reflects our need to understand a particular historical situation, can we truly to interpret, was included as the meaning of these literary works. .
Next, I would like to quote another poem, Han Wo, this is a regime in the Tang Dynasty to the last minute, so a very important poet and Imperial Academy. He - in my opinion is almost the last emperor - Akimune reign, he served as Imperial Academy. Of course, Akimune After many setbacks, and finally died in the hands of Zhu Wen usurped the throne, Don. During this period, Han Wo wrote a lot of his scenes of life in the Imperial Academy of poetry. If we read his poetry, we will find that time in fact, from our existing narrative point of view, it is simply a hurried retreat of the era.. This concept, with the acceptance of such values is that they all accept, but people outside this circle of view, is very enviable. So this is one I just pick a poem, is to have one, "is the year-old Nim", day rehabilitation the first year (901), just off the harvest, so the "inside out", the emperor to Baiguan bonuses, and in particular Baiguan dinner, including the Hanlin Imperial Academy, and then to the Bachelor of dollars each month out of the silk, it is a great reward, but also a very special reward. So he wrote such a poem. (Taishi political press: Poetry see PPT, as Han Wo "Feast Day for the tin": "jade step on the title Horse of Hong Street, Huan-chi Chao sent to recover seats open.. That is, once he's in court cases, his world seems to be closed, he fully immersed in the special environment inside. Therefore, we historians look back over this history, and feel quite different. So, how to return to their context at the time, these people think, I think it is very important. .
Therefore, from Wang to Han Wo, you can see the continuation of the process. Finally, I cite another, this perfectionist and Imperial as critical, of course, in this context, we come to understand the imperial examination. Today I don't have much time to talk about this issue. I remember years ago is about the Tang dynasty imperial examination of duality, when more specific discussion of what the nature of the Tang dynasty imperial examination. Opening of the Imperial was at that time. Or we've some scholars of the Imperial with literature, rather than systematic examination.. This is the examination with the later one of the most fundamental difference. So now comes first here. Then turn to the last one, that is, to establish the Tang Dynasty to the court such as the center of a vision and establish a new imperial system, and then establish a new elite culture. Then, with the elite culture of the region throughout the Tang Dynasty, so broad empire, what was what kind of interaction effects? This is what I finally want to talk about the challenges on the middle of the ninth century, the last one is the text of the penetration and civil and military to separately.. They have to accept this, they have to believe that there is no doubt that they should be accepted. .
. In their view is the most area under the control of swordsman, and all Military almost hereditary, although the process in the ninth century, or the Military experience some changes. But on the whole, the basic is a strong rival principalities autonomy, completely outside the court's power of exclusion. But even in this case, I would like to give this example, you can see, even in the region, whether cultural values of the Tang Dynasty, what kind of role play. I am also pleased that the tomb of the king at the straight was discovered 20 years ago, although the stolen before, but the tomb itself is still intact inside the large number of murals.. His son is the last to force him to step down, forced him to retire from the position of Jiedushi down, and almost equal to him in the home under house arrest. Of course, ultimately did not kill him, I feel very lucky one thing. If we are familiar with the culture of the Tang swordsman, then usually the life of these people are no guarantee. .
. Was already gone, like a warrior was found many years later spread to the United States, which of course was stolen out. The two warriors like the fine level is amazing, should be recovered, should now be at the National Museum. Would have liked to see this, but the National Museum in the renovation, so very sorry. So I use the photos online, so you see it, do not doubt I was plagiarized, I really can not. I first want to say is that this is inside the tomb, the only one associated with the image of swordsman. Of course, as the warrior does not necessarily mean that he is a swordsman's identity, but this is an underground palace guards, it is natural.. Then the ceiling, the day on top of a horoscope, which of course is not surprising, inside the tomb of the Tang Dynasty, which are commonly present. But the interesting is that the tomb was carved around the lid of the four gods, Suzaku, basalt, and so on. So these are all we talk about the Tomb of the inherent special image. .
This space is in fact his life exploits are carved into the stone above, is immortal. This immortal life, such as inside the frame so embedded in the universe, in my opinion there is such a means. So the front room to become a memorial hall, into a memorial hall in his life. .
. He has a private space behind the painting, but no image of the characters, there is no portrait of any individual, not the tomb of Wang Jian was the South, to him as emperor, a man of statue. This is not inside his own portrait. Instead there is only one long table, the table of the Tang dynasty gold and silver, but also coat rack, hang a hat here, which is civilian hats. .
. Then the hat on the front of this. Well, this symbol of what? . .
. Not just one, but several places have mentioned his later years in his own private yard, read the "South", reciting poetry, drinking, living a completely civilian life. Of course, we can say that this is a very special case, but if you are familiar with the Tang Dynasty epitaphs written in a special way, and then painting with it, you can pan it was his experience to the five lakes, a symbol resign away . This is certainly a very special interpretation, of course, from the whole, even in the Tang Dynasty, Hebei, such a swordsman of Jiedushi, he has begun to accept the author's values.。.
So not only is he a man, Hebei Military, as some Japanese scholars, I remember many years ago to have said that Hebei Military subsequent decline. Which states that, it's that it is actually the nature of Hebei Military has been changing, so is not only easy to be so, as Germany, too, is thought to be the most sturdy of Hebei Military Zhongjian, because the combination of Morals by many non-Chinese and American military staff, many of Sogdian ah, various. But as Germany, for example, into a German military commissioner, well-known, contemporaneous with the king at the straight, the two were union with the king melted to complete a devout followers of Zen.. I recently made the report of the University of Chicago is all about art history, I think this is a back yard, he and his wife placed the coffin. Murals are full of rocks and a variety of flowers, and then there drapery, there stood two large marble sculpture with a three-dimensional, the female prostitutes music, provided entertainment. In my opinion is actually a reconstruction of the courtyard, is in keeping with his epitaph say inside, and his later years in the courtyard, drapery in a play. So this is one of his private, his home. In front of his front room into the immortal realm of the universe, this is my interpretation. Of course, this more specific, not talking with us today, particularly relations. .
. So Five particularly important. Between the Tang and Song dynasties, the Five is not just a transition, not a Western scholar said before we aberrant, is an unusual transition, is a vision, not a regular scene. In my opinion the contrary, the Five Dynasties and the change is a natural extension. The political situation is the Tang Dynasty, the elite status, not only did not challenge, and very natural, very complete access to the Five Dynasties. Of course, the specific point of view, many of the late Tang Dynasty officials, and cultural elite in the political struggle may indeed lose their lives, such as Zhu Wen a White Horse Station in Washington State to kill a lot of Chaoguan. But this is a separate example.
Can show that the Tang Dynasty, the elite, including their elite descendants, including in the system by the people inside, in the Five Dynasties and Ten States have occupied all the Council following a very important position. That is the Five Dynasties and Ten States, whether you in the South, or in the north, the elite staff of the Tang Dynasty, are accepted continuously, and place them on a very important position. I only give you an example, too many examples today, no time. Yang is the condensing, we all know, from the "sun and Huapu" inside out. You notes from the late Tang Dynasty, Tang Dynasty history, to find many examples. But I would like to cite such examples to talk about condensing Yang, good diction. Tang Zhaozong early years, just Scholars and third.Of man may know something today, anxious to send reminders chord Love. "He was recalled from his point of view Xiantong era, Yi Zong, Huang Chao Rebellion before such a social scene. In fact, the Emperor Xuan Zong, Yi Zong Tang era is a very luxurious time with us a little about China now like. I have no implied meaning, I do not think history will repeat. but a very luxurious era of the social scene seems to be a Chengping. It is only one of poetry is our people at that time on how to reproduce This section of the historical memory, how to do what we want. So I want to say is the following, the reconstruction of historical memory of Late..
Historical memory of the late Tang dynasty, the perspective from which one can, for historical memory, I think it is a fashionable topic. We now have a lot of discussion, the historical memory of Nations, the State of historical memory, including the historical times of historical memory. But I think the historical memory itself is a very complex issue that theory is very complex, I personally also do not have to be thoroughly to understand. However, I am more concerned about the recent history of modern Western historians on, especially on the historical memory of the 20th century. For example (a Western historians, unencumbered) on Jewish extermination of this event.. France has a very important philosopher, he died, he died two years ago, he called Paul Ricoeur, he has written a very important big book, the English called Memory, History and Forgetting, Memory, History and forgetting . This book is his large and difficult to read. But there are three parts, the middle part of the talk about historical memory in particular, historians say is the ability to reconstruct the historical memory. Historical memory in his view has all levels, for example, the Jewish extermination why this event is considered very important. Some very relevant and similar events with this will be forgotten.。.
I particularly want to emphasize that historical memory is selective, or after either party, they will always be a certain segment to understand. So when we try to return to the context, to see which clips fade out later, have to see it. So, you read Ouyang Xiu, or the Northern Song Dynasty scholar's writing that, of course, these historical memories, they will not stress. But if we go to take note of the existing notes of the Tang Dynasty, in my opinion is a somewhat personal note of, so it is not necessarily what records are personal, or not recorded in a certain way necessarily represent a particular idea.. "The fire, they have such a incredible surprise, not to mention the sudden appearance of large-scale war. So, Qian Fu, Wei wrote just now," Xian Tong "is completely and combine together. So you can see fragments of the forgotten, who at that time was considered a stable time, although from our historians, hindsight, are seen here, we knew that his historian will not. but at that time than we are not necessarily stupid, but they did not really such an experience, or at least they will not think this matter will be developed to such a level..
I have a title, "recalls past glorious years", Oko, I cite the title, I would like to present here must know where it came from. We all know, Mr. Chen Wang Guowei memories of his poem, the Xuantong Guangxu, compared to a prosperous period.
. Is the diversity of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, the diversity of our previous speakers, over-concentrated in the Rebellion before, but we now see, in fact, to the last day of the Tang Dynasty, is a diverse society. That all races, people, or under the banner of the Tang Dynasty, playing a variety of roles. Moreover, they agree to varying degrees, in this regime. This is precisely because of their sense of identity, making the continuation of the Tang regime, in fact, in my opinion, if not because of various historical contingency, it may not necessarily have to depend on the Lee family itself, the blood on the Lee family , and can be other people surnamed Li, surnamed Li, who even in this non-Han Chinese.。 Mr. Wu Li Xin a very persuasive opinion, that is, a beam or relative at local political power, which has become for it has great ambition, it to recover the domain with the pattern of the Tang dynasty. So--the fact is completely renewed, if not the like as Li Xu-Cheng's songs, listen to the show, if we believe, Ouyang Xiu, maybe he was really to be able to recover to some degree. So if this is the case, it shows that, save in the Tang dynasty, Li Xu-Cheng's or reply to it under the banner, it may be another Tang dynasty, but was also an empire. Not only is there--the Southern Pines, knowledge of Xu Xun (Taishi political press: Xu known patent) suddenly decided that he wanted the surname Li.. So this is where the real meaning of empire, that is, it has a sense of identity beyond the region with the race. .
. Empire of Charlemagne, although we think is important, but in his view, become important empire of Charlemagne, is actually very fortuitous. The Roman Empire, in his view, there is no end in four century. From the traditional interpretation of history, it killed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire after the Roman Empire is finished. Rome burned, occupied by barbarians, not to prove that the Roman Empire does not exist yet? But he made an amazing view, that is, just not the case, the continuation of the Roman Empire until later, continued at least up to two hundred years time.. He raised from the thirties until the seventies, a period of decades, few challenges. Now of course many challenges, from an overall point of view, we have begun to not accept this, but this has nothing to do with us. .
. I think, today I report to be here. Thank you! Chapter exposed the mysteries through the ages. .
The fourth section, nested to Li Bai's works in the spirit world of another.
Li Bai's works are known for known for pretending to be more heterogeneous. Sung Min Song seeking his life spared no effort to collect works of Li Bai, received quite good. In his "Collected Works of Li Bai after the sequence" in the Proceedings about the historical changes of Li Bai:. .
"Collected Works of Li Bai," patchwork together is like this, it has also been separated by several dynasties, mixed with forgeries, real inevitable. Song Min Qi Wang Qing scholars seeking the scholastic method of very unhappy, he said: "The east slope of the poem as vulgar taste by Bai Yan chaos, can heave a deep sigh, and said second channel are to blame Song was the result of greed and more services. Jiehu! those who can not really do pass, pass by and are not necessarily true. ... ... husband who is not contented in the Song for its mix of the As are not do not. "If not then ask Frank Song was biting off more than services, and the newly discovered works regardless of the original works of mixed indiscriminately as one of the words of Li Bai today, perhaps to reduce the many difficulties.
[1]. . Their titles with fuzzy, uncertainty; [2]. . They are mostly archaic genre, or at the time the court Yue Jiao Fang songs; [3]. . Their content with the current experience is difficult to match the known Li Bai; [4]. . We can scarcely guess from the content of the works of Li Bai's creative intentions; [5]. . Their writing style and the style of different mainstream Chi; [6]. . They describe the contents of court life, or mostly men and women both Acacia; [7]. . A considerable part of them implies a supreme court of tolerance or powder flavor; [8]. . They have always been the difficulty of Li Bai, or the focus of debate.
[1]. . Poetry of male and female identity of the two sides have very noble:. .
"Yu Zhu mirror off the spring, sitting melancholy Huyang water. Smell and Yin Lihua, then the neighborhood Wind and Smoke." ─ ─ "Send away the four" (Note: Yin Lihua Han Guangwu is the Queen, who lives in Henan wild. .) .
"Three birds don't title images, book ever. …… Remotely know jade form, hand made things. "-One of the send long..
[2]. . The man is an old man over seventy years of age:. .
"I alone seventy Solitudes." ─ ─ "pheasant towards fly." .
"Aijun of Chromic Hibiscus moon, the color can be difficult to sustain food Xi. Pity Yuqing back to the Ming Jun heart of ice, the situation is not very Xi has deep meaning. Toward the total Langgan the chi food, the sheets at night with the duck." ─ ─ "Send away the second." .
"I Etsuko Yung yen, child dumping my article. "-The generation don't lover.
"Zhao Se Phoenix column stopped early, Shu Qin want to play duck string. Song no intention to transfer,'m glad to send Yan natural spring." ─ ─ "Sauvignon Blanc." .
"Last year He Shijun other concubines, southern green flying butterflies." ─ ─ "thinking side" (one for "Spring resentment"). .
"Hate to Jun sand, abandoned concubine Yu Yang rooms. ... Sad ... yellow bird sitting phase, Willow who is more climbing." ─ ─ "Exquisite." .
The length of the spring green ", edge-order of feeling. Volume shi heart pumping single, also died. Glimpse of known concubine, the Greek ruler of a backyard. Free always read the Skate's mining, MO-light. "-" Send far 9 ".
[5]. . Parting in Chengdu after the man first, and later returned to Chang'an, the woman was living in Hunan, Hubei and for three years between:. .
"Yu know the window away, clouds and get real estate broker. ... ... The heart of Qin and Chu hate, Jiaojiao whom more." ─ ─ "to send one away." .
"Distant memories of wushan Yang, Huaming Lu Jiang warm. Trying not to tear the clouds in the South. Spring Breeze complex, blowing my dreams. Missing eyes, tianchang news short! "-" send far v..
"Sauvignon Blanc, in Chang'an, the stream of golden autumn sings Tseng Lan, slightly cold cream desolately bamboo mat. Solitary non-Ming Si-stricken, Mochizuki curtain air volume sigh. Beauty blossoming across the clouds, long days on Qing Ming, Lu under water waves. Tianchang road is long suffering soul to fly, not dreams like the rain off of the mountain. Sauvignon Blanc, destroy the pride and joy! "─ ─" Sauvignon Blanc. " .
"You don't haven only storage, product silos and solitary. Panorama of a go has far away, wushan green water Shen Shen. "-The generation of sending love chuci..
"Yu Zhu mirror off the spring, sitting melancholy Huyang water. Smell and Yin Lihua, then the neighborhood Wind and Smoke." ─ ─ "Send away the four." .
[6]. . They meet in the Han River on the island:. .
[7]. . The man wants the woman back to Chang'an, the political situation does not allow:. .
The more the "duck and non-bird, what is my past Eagle nanxiang? but will the dog, and for the Hou Wang. Much water into a dragon to pool WINS Phoenix. Beidou discretion not to skip empty wine winnow South. "-The proposed six of them.
[8]. . Yuandun woman determined to sea, the man agreed:. .
"Day and night with Moon, is not free. Kuang, yoyo, Andrew long rumored sea world?, is a fairy Hill. Yushu hygiene leaf, but the spirit cents each. A food in Hyun, then food stay pretty woman. I want to go from this to go, also free. ” ──《杂诗》。.
"Yesterday to make a soft shell turtles, two birds into this. ... ... The water is not re-close, the line is difficult to re-invent the cloud, there are degrees of horizon birds, Mo must Yaohua tone." ─ ─ "on behalf of the other lover." .
"Re gonna go over and over again, Yi Jun Jun has also resigned. Hanshui both special flow, Chu Shan is also the points. Life is difficult to say Italy, Qide long for the group? More Yanxi Hai Day, Yanhong Si moon clouds. ... ... Know the weather, stunning sunsets, a dream long sleep long road. hope Den mountain, the fossil Jingbu also. "─ ─" archaism of the Twelve. " .
"Haike by days the wind, the boat travels reserve. For example, a bird in the cloud, one to go without a trace!" ─ ─ "estimated off-line." .
[10] the woman holding the body in.. exotic and the man still has a correspondence:..
"Cool sea level fall, blow my homesickness fly. Incessantly to break, What water to come back. Present polar clouds color, heart broken moon Hui. Grass soft break Yan, Bailu reminder warm clothing. Cunninghamella long dream down, it feels thin strike Star . Hanbei like the old country, Qixia who can play. "─ ─" Qiuxi travel pregnant. " .
The "clear all tirucalli, burning thing Yao Taichun. Pick flowers make beautiful, well presented beautifully. Fragrant air purple hibiscus pistil until. Take the Skate's world, the treasure of your heart. Acacia to smile, to talk to show emotion. "-The fourth to be defeated.
"Solitary Fengming days Ni, leaving the sound any bitter. Visitors sad old country, ask also linger. Forest sword song and think, songs to eventually tears whirl Lan." ─ ─ "weathering the thirty-nine." .
"I think beauty, is in the blue sea to the east corner. Sea cold days the wind, the white waves and groaning down Penghu. Long whale spewing is not involved, ask the vast burst into beads. West to Blue Bird flew east, may send a written thank Ma Regardless. "─ ─" ancient but gorgeous. " .
How can the above 10, Chinese history who can match? only Emperor Xuanzong and Yang! today, we have can be completely sure that the Li Bai's poems, hides a lot of Emperor Xuanzong and Yang's work. (From the beginning of the book so far, we've uncovered on the evidence, and should continue to explore such evidence. ), These works to Li Bai's works in nested in another spiritual world. A thousand years, these parasites, to readers of Li Bai's works and interpretation brought numerous scientists.. In fact, that in the collected works of Li Bai's works mixed with the Tang Emperor, this is not a new topic, literary history has known. For example: 1. On the "puppet Poetry": "Ming Wong Miscellany" "Addendum to four" three:. .
In the poem "Yang too true rumor," the record is:. .
"Since the Saint with bright, but YIN: carved wooden pull-wire" for man, chicken skin Hok hair and really the same. A minute later brandish was nothing, may also wish to life. ’”。.
Reign to the copyright to the head. Test, "Yang too true rumor," the history of music (930 ─ ─ 1007) who is the Southern Tang and Five Dynasties, Southern Tang official position after the fall of the Song Dynasty, Museum of successive three-editing, Zhu Zuolang other "historian," many writings. "Ming Wong Miscellany" in place of the Zheng 诲 Although Tang dynasty, but the "Addendum to four" is read later generations, according to Song Nguyen's "Poetry General Turtle" additions. Obviously "Yang too true rumor," the book's in the "Addendum Four" before, music history is the claim number should be more reliable.。 Or the cloud Ming Wong. "That is, beam 鍠, Xuanzong is likely to be the author of the poem. But this historical note to have doubts: beam 鍠 is a servant in the era of Xuanzong, neither subter nor text name, see Queen why and chant his poem? history on beam 鍠 less material, for both. Only the content from the poem, "the zombies" Opera de is a portrait of the late life reign.. He neither had "nothing silence dancing", and finally unable to wake from the dream fame. 2. On "Ye Laojunmiao": Li Bai focus of "Ye Laojunmiao" Poetry:. .
"First Emperor Huai Shende, Ling Temple Su God heart. Grass GmbH who went missing, dust concentration bird traces deep. Quicksand danzao off, off road driving purple smoke. After being injured thousands of years, free loose Berlin. ”。.
But in the "Cream", this poem has become the Emperor's work, "had I Temple":. .
"Xianju Huai Shende, Ling Temple Su God heart. Grass GmbH who went missing, dust concentration bird traces deep. Quicksand danzao didn't smoke, off road, purple. After being injured thousands of years, free loose Berlin. ”。.
In this regard, the contemporary scholar Zhan Ying pointed out: "Xiu" set of ancient recorded "Postscript to the end of Juan Liu: Emperor," Ye Xuan Yuan Temple, "poetry, years ... ... Que Song Anonymous" treasure carved Class Code "Volume:" Ye Emperor Xuan Yuan Temple, "poetry, Emperor system, parallel book, Tempo neutral. test," Cream "was based, multi-secret government department of the old, imperial works of poetry mixed with the general off Buzhi Yu. now have the Song Hutchison inscriptions, Zaozao be far, the poem must have the imperial reign, is useless without doubt, special focus on the ear somehow fleeing Bai. "This said, today's academic community has been generally accepted. .
Unfortunately, drifting in the sea of residues of these pieces Qiang Lu did not cause people's full attention. Today, being poked in the open floor window paper, after a lot of the Poetry mystery can be a reasonable explanation. For example: 1. On the "White Parrot": Poems of Li Bai, "Send away the ten": "stripe, such as Yu Shuang Lu, pens, books Rouzhi title. Message from the white parrot, West comfort from home." One of the "white parrot," I do not know the ancient commentators out. Wang Qi Note: The "white parrot Jishu, but not detailed by the odd things." But by the "Ming Wong Miscellany," the record appears, it is clearly Ming Huang, Yang Fei are fed a pet:. .
In addition, the reign era painter Zhou Fang, the "double chaos Yang Fei Lu frame snow suits Bureau of female figure," about "snow suits women," Politics in the Late discussion Tempo also many works mentioned, see there the case. Ordinarily, Li Bai is not know at the palace of this story, even if know he will not go to the pet story of the introduction of their own lives and works in the past. Today's perspective, "Send away the ten" is clearly not the works of Li Bai, and should be after Ma Wei, Hsuan-tsung sent the letter too true. White parrot's story, the palace contains many wonderful memories of memories of the year! 2. On the "false flower beetles Gui":. .
"Toad thin too, losing this Yao single month. Park light deficiency in days, not to settle for the night was gold. Worm parasite beam into ziwei, Daming Yi ZhaoHui, clouds, bi-weekly fall unconscious yin in Vientiane. A little long gate Palace, is now not. GUI false codling flowers, day cream, Yan Wei. Sink's final wing evening, interested me tears moistens skin. "-LI: first the paleo-59-2".
Previous background in creation of the poem, the more that is spent with the Queen's reign king on the matter. The facts are as follows:. .
"Reign Queen Wang, tongzhou, liangji under gui GUA read God's descent Sun. Di-linzi, hired as Princess. The Qing dynasty, the preliminary plans in difficult. Birth year, is the Queen. Long time no child, and Wu Fei slightly uneven, contaminated after the show. So touching down, known as en no Ken supplement short. Di MI to waste, ... After the brother keep a fear, for the sake of weariness, floating carcasses enlightened education offering Beidou. …… Kaiyuan for twelve years, the Emperor from a Pro, but Chi Gao he made a Secretary Chao: ' Queen of heaven not Woo, gingerbread, there will be heart, not bearing the ancestral temple, commemorates its waste to the gentleman. ’…… Not a few pawns to a product is buried. The Palace of the emperor also longing. Baoying year after, complex.. .
"After the brother of a future without children observe, often fear a waste legislation, leading to comply tired of things. ... ... The incident, the pro-research, all experience. Kaiyuan July JiMao autumn years, under the system, saying: 'Queen Wang, destiny is not woo, flashy, made from the prison litigation, the court fan friends, see free will of the heart, there can be evil taboo. nothing Jing Cheng family, and mother of Miriam the world? can waste as common people, other homes placement. Penalty on married, guilty Xi Wang, plans for the country, cover is not qualified already. 'keeping a Cisi. Its October, common people died, was buried in a no Temple in gift items. "─ ─" Old Tang Biography of the Empress. " .
Ming dynasty scholar Hu zhenheng think:.
"Note that the old poem Wu Bai Yongxuan cases of pet waste Fei Wang Queen thing, 'Gui beetles' after a joint utility waste Chao 'Queen's flashy, not bearing ancestral' language, which is carry on." ─ ─ Hu Zhenheng: "Chi Tung . " .
"Wang Kaiyuan years in July, according to a lunar eclipse, the same month, the deposed King of Queens, then refers to the poem as is made of. However, Lee was only twenty years old, far away in Xiu, without the knowledge of this, the knowledge of the Gong Wei also missed the interest in this matter. Ruoyun chase after the chant, then the world is larger than this are many things, Lee is not this also means fear. "─ ─ Qu garden shed, Zhu Jincheng:" School Notes Collection of Li Bai. " .
. By the same token, this poem should be a leap in December Bing-Chen Kaiyuan years after a solar eclipse. Que staff have clear Gun God, reign on the causes and effects were awful Detective reflection. 3. On "Come shop unless dyed Xiubei": Li Bai "Yearning":. .
"Beauty in full, when the flowers to more than empty after beauty bed. Bed embroidered by volume does not sleep (a volume greater than), and three years still smell. Xiang also has never dies, people also had not come to hakuro Acacia yellow leaves falling, MOSS point. "(This article in one of the send away").
Bai really do not understand what had things around, how would there be three years without moving the quilt reason for this? Today's perspective, it should be the reign poem back from Sichuan, Yang Fei is still human, after that, facing the Palace and then made her sigh. Shi Chuan Yang was identified as the adopted son of An Lushan, both in the past very close, "and heard the death of Ma Wei, (An Lushan) days Tanwan" (see "Yang too true rumor"). This point of view, after the occupation of Chang'an, Yang Fei Lushan is possible to seal up the palace as a memorial.。 About Yang Fei had sniffed its rare fragrance, according to Mr too really outgoing "records:..
"Qianyuan first year, He Huaizhi and the Yanyue: 'past summer with the Prince on chess, Ling Chen alone playing the pipa, Royal stand before the Council of view. ... ... When the wind Royal scarves on towels on the Hill, a long time, turn around side down. and go, Cox Says. is unloaded in the first conical cap stored in the kit. this Zhe Fu head into the receptacle. 'Shanghuang hair follicles, and said:' This dragon Dipterocarpus also. I had applied in warm Pond Lotus flower, and then fortunately there are aroma hearted. silk thread run almost tired of the status of things holy. 'then sad sad endless. ". .
. I write to you, this book can not fail to mention Japan's Kiyoko Maruyama well-known scholar on the "Everlasting Regret" version of the research. The fifties of this century, Mr. Maruyama of Japan in the classical novel "The Tale of Genji" and the relationship between Chinese culture at the right time, found that "The Tale of Genji" in reference to the ancient Japanese "Everlasting Regret" words with the current prevailing "long hate the song "There are many differences. The most significant of which there are two points: 1. . Tongxing Ben in "Jade who quilt and common cold" in the Ancient for the "old pillow so who quilt and common"; 2. . Tongxing Ben in "the only thing the table the old affection" for this in the old "empty tables holding the old material affection."
"Pak before the" Changqing set "Fifty volumes of the order of micro-element; after the set of twenty volumes, since the order; this has continued after the set of five volumes, from the mind. Before and after the seventy five volumes, Poetic Where the size of three thousand eight hundred and forty. set has five, ... ... the possession of his home, passed in the post. The Japanese, Asian countries and the two capitals of the Silla people who pass written, not the mind. ". .
By Bai's said, he's the Changqing collection "as early as he had already spread to Japan, Korean kingdoms. Maruyama's merit lies, she proves that the Genji "in ancient Japan referenced the everlasting" dbuser for the year 1842 of the Bai's Changqing collection "70 volumes, and the current movement of the everlasting" is from the year 1845 of 75 volumes. This means that on the eve of the Bai Juyi's until he died, still in amended his young age by everlasting. " (The above described the Genji and Bai's collected works, Maruyama Kiyoko, Shin non-translated, international cultural publishing company in 1985, the first version of Peking.. It is the "old pillow so who quilt and common", "empty tables holding the old material with deep feeling," Yat assigned to these two draft status, which further reveals the "Everlasting Regret" Li Bai "Yearning" there is some correlation between the sex. More importantly, it makes it possible for us to further clarify the Pak Creation "Everlasting Regret" the whole process, and his thoughts over the years. In "Words to Women" is a very strange content of the works. I always thought that the content of it, it should be anonymous too true after Ma Wei Home Hunan, and the reign of crisis between the emotional, too real grievances made by the speech.。 For example: 1. go to the "women's words:" cold Marsh falling Lotus spring scattered willow. "The everlasting": "Lotus-Liu ru-Shi Mei. "2. the term of the go bidet:" air holding people also. "The everlasting": "only mementos. "3. the term" women go: "you meet both cut, en what year month. "The everlasting": "loving zhaoyang Temple, Penglai long. "And now see that the song》" only mementos "sentence, in the early days of text is actually an" air travel mementos ", and the go term correlation of UNIFEM further highlighted.. Li Bai's poems in the investigation reign the sea, too true work of the wreck of the work and let us do here. Concentration found in the parasitic Li Bai during the reign, too really works, which for a thousand years, has been formed in the minds of the reign, the image is too true, and Li Bai, formulary, what will be affected? First, it proved that all the Japanese aspects of the legend on the non-concubine Yang Yuhuan, and thus sweep away surrounded by "Everlasting Regret, mass" of heavy fog, revealing the causes such as the rebellion of Xiangyang, Xiyuan Temple and other major historical events changed occur deeper reason.。 Now you can say for sure that the music is art is in Emperor Xuanzong, Yang hands shaping, mature and promotion. As a source, then produced the song, Yuan, China's ancient drama also took the opportunity to be trained and developed. Respect for them as "EMI songs of", "Opera community strategist". Third, it basically does not overwrite the current known Li Bai's curriculum vitae. Because the ancient scholars in textual criticism of Li Bai's footprint does these parasitic works as the primary card material. In other words, the juxtaposition of these works, in addition to textual troublemaker, won't do anything positive role.. For example, the evaluation of Song Dynasty Li Bai poor, he said: "White insight pollution, the ten women and nine said that wine." Today the works of these parasites isolated from the main body after the poems of Li Bai, "said the woman and wine, "the ratio will fall significantly. Again, some of Li Bai's poems often pretend dignity, contrary to the common sense of the words, textual home tend to "vertical overflow only during the day, things personally do not take the Lord Guchang" kind of thing to stall, like Li Bai is a mental illness, can not be responsible for any nonsense and the like. It seems today that it is wrong of the Li Bai.。 But there are some works, we may never find out who is the author. Say a reason is simple: they works already deep-rooted in symbiosis with over a thousand years, and that three people are also the first character of the then members of the arts. Section v of the hidden in Li Shangyin Untitled "poems of" skill "behind.
Evaluation of a theory is to have vitality, not only have to look at whether it can explain things, also look at whether it can help us to explore the unknown. Shangyin decipher "Untitled" poems, the book is a set point of the vitality of the practical test. Yin's "Untitled," poetry is the history of Chinese literature is another major mystery. Yuan Jin Dynasty poet "On the Poetry Review" has been issued: "Emperor Wang Chun heart care azalea, beauty Jinse resentment in China. Poets of the total Ai Xikun good, no hate for Zheng Jian alone" feeling. Below are two first "Untitled": a case study analysis of poetry:..
No problem. .
】 【Analysis: This poem was written by the Han River Island Xuanzong and too true secret meetings. 1. . "Drifted into the twilight Bai Xia, hissing seven spots dappled Dream Car." "White Road", the "King's Road," the argot also. Too true source for poetry, "Send away the seven": "concubine at Chung Ling Dong, Jun Yu Han River Island. Day spent looking, into the white road between." Xiangyang Han River Island in the West, too true hiding place of residence in the East, Chung Ling, Chung Ling from Yangyang to about six kilometers a day just for the traveling distance, Zhaofaxizhi, Gu Yue "into the twilight Xia." "Piebald spot," who was riding the horse reign, "Seven Dream Car" is a luxurious finish with a variety of spices vehicles, for the court, or dignitary. Yang Fei was riding in the car in this case. 2. Tokyo is willing to say about. '"D'second set in October, Tokyo Luoyang recovered," Uighur Zongbing big sweep ", Luoyang people suffered an unprecedented disaster. Qianyuan two years in December, Luoyang Shi Siming attack again," Limin out of the city to avoid the thief, empty the City. "Although Shi Siming get is a ghost town, but also so people have ruined themselves. in the Rebellion, the war has been the center of Luoyang, Luoyang, the suffering of the people are most profound." Yangcheng one hundred thousand broken in vain " Yin history Daji death, concubine chaotic week, although much noise Allure dumping country, but their own is killed, ended in failure deserve.。.
No problem. .
"Don't meet difficult, also weak wind breathes. Lovesick silkworms, wax torch ashes tears began. Xiao mirror but melancholy yunbin, night chant should sleep moon. The immortals to no more road, Qingdao hospitality for exploration. ”。.
】 【Analysis: This poem was written by Xuanzong, so really meet the Han River after the separation of life and death situation. 1. . "Difficult to meet when Bie Yinan, Dongfeng flowers residual weakness." "Difficult to meet when the" reign overcome difficulties, and finally realized the truth and the Pacific island of secret meetings in the old dream of the Han River, and its resistance to large, from they can be seen in two letters:. .
"The more birds of non-Mandarin, what dependents Nanxiang? But the dog past the eagle, this is Hou and Wang. Get water into a dragon to fight for wins Phoenix pool. Beidou not Zhuojiu, South Kei empty winnow." ─ ─ Li Bai ( reign?): "Imitating the six." .
"Autumn Ching, Chiu Ming. Leaves together yet casual, Jackdaws habitat re scared. Acacia know what day meet, here and now embarrassed." ─ ─ Li Bai (reign?): "Autumn Elegance" (a "Three Five Seven words "). .
"Don't have" difficulty, two phase when it hard too:.
"Yesterday to make a soft shell turtles, two birds into this. Sorrow and long cock, every night for five dawn. From discount acacia, in the final gift to know just. Rehydration is not received, the line is difficult to re-invent the cloud. End of the World have degrees birds , Mo must Yaohua tone. "─ ─ Li Bai (reign?):" Generations and lovers. " .
"Go go go go, once again, also resigned. It is both the Han River flow, Chu, also this point. Life is difficult, is it desirable, as a group of long? ... Hope Cove climb mountains, fossils have not also. "-Li Bai (too?): the sending of the twelve" away.
There Bai's "songs Quatrain" separation difficult "word" for evidence:. .
"Luk 陌, MA on farewell to a dust returned. When no don't do Red tears, return no tears can be soaked towel. "(The authors note:" red tears "is the characteristic words Yang. The Oko Tianbao Yishi law "red ice bar:" Yang, and early chengen called parents don't, weeping tears in boarding. When cold, a red ice tears. ”）。.
"Dongfeng unable flowers disabled", "east" who reign also. Xuanzong "Qingping tune": "Spring explained infinite hate," too real "long goodbye": "wind blowing for me, Dongfeng Xi" are by that reign. Reign not only lost power at this time and has to eat, Gu Yue "Dongfeng weak"; "flowers" who reign "Qingping tune": "Cloud would like to dress flower face", "dumping country, two-phase flowers Huan" so really well. Ma Wei Incident too true living Hunan, air knife frost has destroyed her sword lilies and roses, yin to her later years also veiled. 2. . "Spring silkworm silk square to the death to make the candle dry ash tears start." Two moral self-evident.。 "Wax torch" sentence is by two jointly authored words the Qing pingle · Luan my Phoenix mattress, too real for the premier: "more silver stand red candles, the studying concubine Pearl tears continuousness" sentence-in. 3. " Xiao mirror but melancholy yunbin, night chant should sleep moon. "It's in here description too hidden home life and the mood, she not only beauty has lamented that faded and lose the reign of asylum and their families. "Xiao mirror" sentence taken from too true love poem "boudoir": "Speculum non self-awareness, condition is crazy husband also." "Night chant" sentence taken from Li Bai (too?) poem "night sat chirping in the law:" the winter cold in the night's sleep the night long, Shen Yin long sit North Hall.. 4. . "Pengshan this to no more road, as the Tankan Bluebird hospitality." Reign here mimic the tone of comfort too true: EGL Road, both not far from Acacia by the messenger of love. At the same time implying too real after exile in Japan to maintain communication with the reign relations. "Pengshan", the "O believers hear more of Kyushu," the EGL Pengshan also, "Blue Bird" is concerned, the Queen Mother in the West Han Dynasty and the messaging between the delivery book of the messenger also, here is a strong indication of the poem and the reign too true "skill" the correlation between. These two should be drawn from the Li Po (too real?) "Miscellaneous Poems": "water on the rumors, is there Penglai Hill.. .
Evaluation of a theory has vitality, not only to see if it has been explained, but also it can help us to explore an unknown world. Deciphering the Li Shang-yin Untitled "poetry is on the point of this book presenting the vitality of a practical test. Li Shangyin Untitled "poems of", is the history of Chinese literature and it is a big mystery. Poet Yuan Hao Jin dynasty in the quatrains, poetry has been sent: "at the emperor being cuckoo, beauty and complaining huanian é ?? ' ?. Poets like west Queensland good, hate no one, complimentary for Zheng "feeling.. To this end, numerous conjectures have been proposed, but so far has not given a satisfactory answer. Today, the academic community has generally no alternative but to consider: the yin of the many "no problem" behind the poems, there are certainly some "skill", these events have long been among the buried in the historical accumulation can be ascertained without a. But those who read the "Untitled" Poem of people will feel strongly, indeed, in the poem yin devoted all his efforts.The following cite two of "No Title" Analysis of the poem as an example:. .
Untitled.
"White Road, drifted into the twilight Xia, hissing seven spots dappled Dream Car. Spring from a total of what people laugh? Vain break Yangcheng one hundred thousand.". .
. "Spring from what people were laughing? Vain break Yangcheng one hundred thousand." "Spring" from Xuanzong "Qingping tune": "Spring explained infinite hate," implicitly refers to reign in this. "Spring from the total of what people laugh?" Yin Shih these two lead to the culprit in a broken, loss of life on the occasion, the children still indulge in a secret affair and desperate to meet extremely dissatisfied. "Yangcheng" This should refer to Luoyang.。 Wish to Tokyo is requested. ' "-De II contains the recapture of Luoyang, Tokyo in October," Uighur large longitudinal forces swept "Luoyang people an unprecedented disaster. Qianyuan shisiming December, Luoyang, once again attack the people out of the city, "officials avoid thieves and empty their city". Although Shisiming get is an empty city, people were so financially ruined. In Anshi Rebellion, Luoyang has always been the center of the war, Luoyang people suffered the brunt of the suffering. "No break yangcheng thousands" history daji surviving yin, baosi chaotic week, although the ruckus at night out, but they themselves also have a tragic fall.. .
Untitled.
"Bie Yinan difficult when you meet, DF flowers residual weakness. Silkworms to make silk square die, wax dry before the torch ashes tears. Xiao-Jing, but worry its shallow change, Yin should feel the moonlight cold night. Pengshan this is not much way to go , JB hospitality as Tankan. ". .
"Han Pro Xiangyang, flowers dam warm. Wedding day embankment, the tears of the clouds over the south. Relentless spring complex, blowing my dreams like the rain scattered. But not in the eyes of people, breaking news day long!" ─ ─ Li Bai (too real?): " Levee Song. " .
The more the "duck and non-bird, what is my past Eagle nanxiang? but will the dog, and for the Hou Wang. Much water into a dragon to pool WINS Phoenix. Beidou discretion not to skip empty wine winnow South. "-Li Bai (reign?): the proposed six of them.
During the Han River Island, secret meetings, although they are a forced smile, the so-called "purple title of Chu Pui Kiu Fung release, red dial Xiang string scale dance", but their heart is really very sad pain:. .
"Bieyi Nan" who, when they do not phase Nanfennanshe also:. .
"The past as a turtle, into two branches. Remembering long cock up to five nights. A fold of Acacia, in the gift of knowledge is. Rehydration is not received, the cloud is difficult to find. The end of the world there are degrees of birds, the vast yaohua tone. "-Li Bai (reign?): the generation don't lover.
"Re gonna go over and over again, Yi Jun Jun has also resigned. Hanshui both special flow, Chu Shan is also the points. Life is difficult to say Italy, Qide long for the group? ... ... Hope Den mountain, the fossil Jingbu also." ─ ─ Li Bai (too real?): "Send away the second." .
"Luk Yeung Mo off people, the horses I looked back to the car dust. Do not feel Do not when the red tears, no tears can be stained towel back." (Author note: "Red Tears" word should be one of the characteristics of Yang. " Kaiyuan Tianbao Heritage of the "a" red ice "Article:" Early Cheng'en Yang Zhao, compared with their parents do, Qiti boarding. when Tian Han, the tears became red ice. "). .
. "Candle" sentence is created jointly by the two words "Qingping Le Luan quilt mattress phoenix", the very real by the Premier: "Taiwan is more silver red candles, learn concubine slivery tears continued with the" sentence derived and come. 3. . "Xiao-Jing, but worry about its shallow change, Yin should feel the moonlight cold night." Hiding described here too true in life and feel at home, she lamented not only the roots have faded, and lost the reign of the pet shelter and dependents. "Xiao-Jing" too true sentence drawn from the poem "Exquisite": "Looking Glass is not self-awareness, situation is crazy husband also." "Poetry Night" sentences are based on the Li Bai (too real?) Poem "Night ride Yin": "winter Yehan sleep the night long, wondering what was going for a long time to sit the North Church.。 4.. " The immortals to no more road, Qingdao hospitality for exploration. "Here to mock the reign tone comfort too: Japan is not far from the road, by the courier delivery of Acacia. At the same time it's hidden in the Pacific after the exile in Japan and maintains communication between the reign. "Immortals", "overseas only smell more Kyushu" Japan Immortals also, the "Green Bird", the Queen Mother of the Emperor and the communication between the delivery of the books of Messenger, here to fully display the poems and reign, too real "knack" relationship between. These two sentences should be taken from Li Bai (too?) the miscellaneous poems ":" rumors of sea water, is a fairy Hill.. End of the World have degrees birds, Mo must Yaohua tone "and" ancient look a gift horse ":" West to East Bluebird fly, may send a written thank Magu. "The above analysis shows that these two" Untitled "poems, not only the content and Yang Mawei after the" ability "consistent with its words but also with the concentration found from the reign Bai, really works of flesh and blood too. That they exists between the strong positive correlation is not as before. on the yin to the other works, this book will be later in the chapter analysis of succession. As Yin "Untitled," poetry is to decipher the mystery, and one on Ma Wei Yang after the repository of history opens the door to us..
Section III, two of the long hate biography "study of.
Of Two "Regret Biography" of the original, has a way to control the table set out in Appendix IV. At first sight the two "Regret Biography", seems to be different levels of detail. However, when read will find that both the theme of the story has great difference. Hereby described as follows:. . "Li The Biography" condemns the reign, compassion Yang Fei, and "Everlasting Regret," the thrust of the same. The "white of the Biography" was condemned Yang Fei, back to the reign care: past research, "Everlasting Regret" people always have a problem: Chen Hong said Bai creation "Everlasting Regret" The intent is to "who is not only a sense of its meaning things, Yiyu Correctional stuff, snapped random order, were also down in the future.。 At the same time, also deliberately chosen from some Lee and Yang awkward Palace scandal (see Appendix 5: SEO book is shuofang ".
<长生殿>Second Edition Preface "(excerpt)). How to explain this contradiction? Today in the "Li the Biography", we do not see the "Correctional stuff, snapped random order," saying that Pak is "that the past is also deeply passionate and moving, it is" Regret the word of "Songs", and "White of the transfer" was nothing less than a difference of thousands of miles apart, but with the "Everlasting Regret" the actual content of exactly the same. This is the "Li of the Biography" is Chen Hong of the original, is "Everlasting Regret" at the same time?? Die?? Building makeup King? Fat Qiang? Exhausted Chong Zou Huan Luo Mu capsule mane ぁ? Lt; br> "Regret Song ", said:" Yang has grown into the early women, kept in purdah did not know.。 But if readers already know that the secret court, or can listen out of its overtones. Just imagine, if Yang is the "invaders" directly into the uterus and waited on the Emperor, how will not know the "human" and "reassuring" problem?, from the "outside Palace" seizure "young woman" hongnong this event itself also illustrates one of the hidden song. It should be said, in this sensitive issue, the everlasting "and" Li this biography "between is co-ordinated. But the white of the biography "but understand that is outside the Palace were" latent, hongnong Yang Xuan Yan female to Soo di "completely tore down the everlasting" and the "Li this biography" carefully woven hazy veil.. And this is after the text for "Correctional stuff, stifling arbitrary order," Zhang. On Li and Yang first meet of the situation, "Li The Biography" is:. .
"See it tomorrow, Chao baths, qinglan three feet, wash out in jade, Lotus water, Luan dance lessons. Both effluent, pampered much force micro, Luo Yi. In spring and the first month, on the heart begins Yue. ”。.
In this period of history, "Everlasting Regret" is:. .
Thanks to the "cold baths, thermal spring water sliding glistening. Paternity and raised her weakness, is when the new bearing and basked. ”。.
When we look at these two links, they will find that this is a seemingly subtle, in fact, is very explicit pornography. It actually tells the reader, Xuanzong is "Do Tang Quan Shu, Ying Zhao Ci algae" approach Pianjian the Yang Yuhuan, and Lishan and her lingering over a month. "Lotus water on the Flying Dance Kam of" the scene, reminiscent of that year the Emperor dissolute life. It appears that women played Emperor in this way is not the first time. If we add the "hidden outside the house search may Hongnong Yangxuan Yan Di woman in the life" as an open Yang Yuhuan's daughter, will face shameless debauchery Emperor exposed. "White of the Biography" is the description on the matter:. .
"Don't give soothing verticillata tangquan, Chao-ying. Both water and weak force that surpasses Luo Yi. Radiance radiate, turn Chiu. Very happy. ”。.
Obviously, the "white of the Biography" in "for the Conceal," in this regard than the "Li The Biography" is much more to be clever. The historical responsibility on the Rebellion, "Everlasting Regret" explicitly said that "the Han imperial thinking dumping heavy color country" rests solely with the Emperor. "Li The Biography" and this same point of view, the beginning of that reign, "tired of almost Gan Shi", "Duangong stayed indoors, Chu thinking national color," wrote Yang Fei at the time of death comment: "Woo peace! Hui Xin Wan quality, King of love, they had to die under the foot group. Shuxiang mother says: 'its (even) the United States will be very bad', Li said in song: 'dump the country re-Fashion', what is called also " , is clearly sympathetic to Yang Fei.. However, if carefully analyzed, it occurred in the Tempo VI contains the argument is more reasonable. This is because: 1. . At the time of the two truly loves, recalled that scene took place last year at this time of painful memories, easy to inspire eachother impulse; 2. . Tianbao nine set after the events of February, a reasonable time should vows in July that year, not next year. But to say six years of reign Tempo was significantly negative, indicating that early in the reign of six years before the incident Ma Wei (Tempo nine set February) had that break one's promise things, and different from the forced Mawei break one's promise.. II. . "Li The Biography" Yang Fei revealed traces of Mawei not die: the One "Li The Biography" describes the death of Yang Fei is:. .
"A beating heart Yung da, can't bear to see them dead, a woman needs cover the face, so that the distraction of, thanks to the front, looking back on the blood, pendant gold inlay" Emerald feather to the ground, from the collection. ”。.
"Everlasting Regret":. .
Description of these two closely echoed Cecil interlocking. It made us realize that, when the descendants of Yang and do not put it as "calmly to die," and indeed "panic was removed", "no alternative but to die under the feet set," the. The edict issued in the ordered suicides, she whereabouts Xuanzong goodbye, Xuanzong the "anti sleeve of a robe hide their faces," speechless. "Qun Li V door panel, led by Emperor elegant clothing, the low turn beautiful eyes, the wind at Hui-free." (Liu Yuxi: "Ma Wei-line"). While the occasion of the two Nanbannanshe, mutinous soldiers eager rushed up to force coercion Yang Fei to the execution ground. Guards of the dense edge face cream, she resist, she struggled and was injured.
"What bright eyes white teeth now, not bloody swim Soul." ─ ─ 【】 Fu Tang: "Mourning Jiang head." .
"Jun asked to wash off the blood Lotus to stay in mind the Millennium concubine tears." ─ ─ 【】 Li Yi Tang: "a horse Wei." .
"A self-Shang Huang melancholy, it has been between the horseshoe fishy." ─ ─】 【Tang Jia Dao: "Ma Wei." .
"Ma Wei Jin socks was one old woman, passing a hundred play money, the money received numerous before and after." ─ ─ 【】 Zhang Tang bleeding: "makeup floor in mind." .
"Mawei stupidity, pick too really socks to get rich. Its female mingyu fly, too true bird head and footwear, Pearl to a thin Tan Ju, only three inches long. Yu Fei as different, not light shows. "-【 Element 】 Iraq Sabu:" the Fraunhofer Huan.
From this, "Li of the Biography" Yang Fei description from the real end for the death of more recent. The strange thing is, since the gold-tin Cuiyu at the time had been "on the income of the self", and how will happen later "the only thing the table the old affection, tin box nobile send will go to" story? This is a company of pupils will be taken into account when doing writing a logical contradiction, but it actually appears in the Bai, Chen Hong in the hands of all such literature, it is incredible.。.
"Six in Long Road to Ma Wei, Jun Chenxiang care, sun no light.". .
In the everlasting "in the paragraph and this apparently close, mutually reinforcing:..
"Descent back to the Long Yu, this hesitation can not go. Mawei under the soil, but no dead space at the Yuk Ngan, Becky. Junchen Xiang Gu do Zhanyi, East Point are owned by the door letter Horse.". .
Mr. Bo on the songs in this segment commented:..
"Death to hear Yuhuan Ming Wong from the inability to final, to return to Luang Gaizang before they confirm their not dead. Gaizang things," Biography "Yizibuti," Song "has put it plainly: 'Under Mawei soil, but no dead space at Yuk Ngan, Becky. 'husband only made Mawei Yuk Ngan, Becky gone under, it may often pay tribute to the tone, this made the soil but not Yuk Ngan, Becky, is actually naught dead men, and what can be very strange Yan? ... ... Mi not only dead, then Linqiong priests for the world title on the proper meaning of carry. ". .
"... ... Shanghuang manipulation Gaizang in his secret order, first bury, the mattress wrapped in the purple, the skin is still bad and sachets. The government to offer, as the Shang Huang Qi Wan, Nailing map its shape in the other house as of the day and night. "─ ─" Old Tang Yang Chuan. " .
The new stylistic development of the Yang biography "and" old "roughly the same stylistic without the" Purple mattress wrapped, the skin is bad "words, words" Kai over, it is still in the sachet. "Mr. nangong Bo: noted in this regard.
"In both the Tang Dynasty, Tang Records are based on the text is too brief, and mention Gaizang things, but stressed that the sachet is still, this record will be the introduction of mysticism, one: the illusion caused by the text, leaving only a Sachet ; Second: Chang Li Longji back after a very bad situation in itself, Gaizang Yang is secretive, but no body will lead to great things since, and even affect the life of Li Longji, so whom is taboo. to "the body has been bad, "said, but too much adornment, right?" "" Everlasting Regret "in mind Linqiong Road Shiru Hai Yang's visit to the mountains, is based on the ... 'spinning back to Long Yu, this hesitation can not go.。 If no folk legends, Bai's should not be so sensitive. "-Nangong Bo: Mawei incident and Yang Riddle of life and death.
No doubt, "Mawei under the earth, but not at the Yuk Ngan, Becky dead space" is "Everlasting Regret" can trigger the "Yang Fei Ma Wei incident may not have died," one of the causes of speculation. "Li The Biography" Although not directly mention this, but the actual sitting of the "spinning back to Long Yu, this hesitation can not go. ... ... Jun Chenxiang do Zhan Yi Gu, East Point are owned by the door letter Horse", played an indirect support The role of the conjecture. 【Three】 "Li The Biography" who writes an audience with Yang Fei when the eyes see is "snow posture, lotus crown, exposed raw silk cape, just like as in Gushe Mountain", which in turn is a loophole, it means that priests have in Yang Fei seen on the continent.。 Puzhou is Changan to Luoyang thoroughfare, Chang'an only 100 kilometers, is the hometown of Yang Fei, her childhood in the village alone here. But the infant, "raising yangyuhuan invaders who did not know", which is not the "Lotus Crown, the whole" Lucy Xiao. If the Taoist priests did in her shot mountain seen Yang Fei, then only one possible-Mawei later she had the Punic settlements here and the reign of Angel met. Of course it is also possible to shoot "aunt" is Yang, Princess synonymous with anonymous home, rather than actually means. This in turn makes people think of the song》 related description:..
"Juventa the sea mountains, the mountains between nothingness Piaomiao. Pavilion exquisite five clouds, of which more than graceful fairy. In one word is too true, Xue Fu flowers mixed appearance is.". .
"'Hill in the nothingness Piaomiao room', is made this world an environment ears, not will really have such a sea mountains also. ... ... 'In one word so true', ... ... clearly point out the 'people' word. 'Snow mixed flowers skin appearance is', is the alchemist did not go before, and some people really see too much carry on. "─ ─". .
<长恨歌>And. ..
<长恨歌传>The transmission suspect. " .
. And that was the "white of the Biography" has all been deleted. I said before, "Song", "Biography" is the creation of a "reign within the mass" as the ancestral copies. "Regret Biography" and "reign in Biography" style similar to some of the paragraphs may as well take when writing the copy Section. "Li the Biography" in exposing these clues should be Chen Hong in the rewrite, the sensitivity of the original problem of omissions in the deficiencies of such residues left behind. The job was "white of the Biography" finalized. .
3. for the white of the biography "of 1. with regard to the white of the biography": and the time, this biography ", the white of the biography" the most obvious difference is it dares to direct book reign "latent search outside the Palace, hongnong Yang Xuan Yan women to life character. "In addition, the white of the biography" also refers to the "reign" Bibliography ". These two pieces of information should we visit the white biography of an important basis of age. In the Tang dynasty, although sometimes politics more open, when you are talking about and officialdom to few taboo, but the Royal family of personal privacy, but it is not a casual discussion in society.. Li Shimin after the success of the coup, openly to the concubine Li Yuanji brothers appropriation; Wu is the first for the Emperor, "Shi Qin", and then make his son Gaozong Queen. If these things can allow outsiders to utter chaos meetings, and even Chang various ink into the orchestral spectrum, there are features of the Royal Dragon in the world why? Li Shimin of the anecdotes, the end of the World Tang was no discussion; Gaozong minister Chu Sui-liang to serve the Emperor Wu had grounds to oppose her as queen, was almost killed when the Church, and life-long involvement and bring disaster to future generations. Empress Wu of the scandal so the discussions can only LUO call to arms as weapons offenses disclosed in the world, until the fall of Vu Thi, overtaken by events, it was no longer being talked about the matter.
"Warm Hong Pan Li Xiu waterfalls, Kowloon care of Lotus room. Fortunately, Palace of Eternal Youth by each level, not from gold but Shou Wang Yu." ─ ─ "Li Shan felt." .
Shangyin courage is not bigger than others? Not necessarily. Very likely that, when the official reign, Yang Fei's has no intention to conceal the romance, when people talk about the matter forward without looking back as in the past had. Specifically, reign, Yang Fei of this scandal was made public in the yin times, appears to be affected by the Yang Xian Fei Tang Wenzong of cases implicated.
━ ━ have incest in marriage two problems: first thing Shou Wang Yang Li, Mao, and then what his father Emperor Li Longji; Yang Xian Fei Li Heng first thing Tangmu case, then what his son Tang Wenzong Leon. .
2052 is favored in when both of the Emperor: Yang: "love in a" three thousand; Yang Yin Fei: "en Atsumi party deep".
━ ━ wife's family status similar: Emperor Yang's cousin Guozhong is the prime minister; Yang Xian Fei Yang Si-cover is the nephew of the prime minister Tang Wenzong. .
2052 death similar: Yang died from Mawei mutiny. The bottom line is Emperor Xuanzong, the Crown Prince Li Heng Yangguozhong and a deep political contradictions. "Ma Yang Fei Suzong back to die, although wangri month new Yunyu", in the two lines of this extremely accurately summarizes the Mawei mutiny of political background; Yang Yin Fei died the death of a palace coup occurred tangwenzong. Its root cause was that she had wanted to introduce their own pro-son Ann Wangli stripping for tangwenzong successor (King's brother), as later reigned Emperor too brother, Tang Wu Zong Emperor destroying transpires with Lee.
━ ━ similar outcome: Ma Wei Yang mutiny outcome is genocide, Prince Edward Lihengdengji; open into the five-year outcome is Tang Wuzong palace coup came to the throne, Yang Xian Fei and her son was Cisi, Yang Si-cover and its affiliates are killed or exiled. .
2052 throne twice are not transitioning to normal succession: Li Heng is taking advantage of Anshi Rebellion started Mawei mutiny, Rob class and seize; Lee is on the eve of his death while tangwenzong court politics of confusion, the eunuch of UEE Zee, operating table Crown Prince and Ann Wangli soluble forcibly to reign.
━ ━ order to show the correctness of the authorities, the two concubines were unwarranted after the death of some trumped-up charges: Yang: intervention in political affairs, fornication Lushan; Yang Xian Fei: Wu wants the second. (See the above, the book Appendix Ten: "Palace on the opening into the history of change and Yang Xian Fei information"). .
In the heart of modern, the degree of the ancients, Tang Wu Zong Emperor destroying Li Yan reigned, bound to launch a publicity campaign, from public opinion on political opponents of the complete knock down failed to show their correctness and legitimacy. View Yang Yin Fei's experience, the "natural order" stunner disorder is the most ideal crusade against the slogan, so Wu Zetian, Yang is bound out to accompany, Yang's material was better with practice and is particularly valuable. "The gates of fire, unwitting", although in their ancestors is not very nice on the skin, but this time the Tang Wu Zong Emperor destroying, must put political ideology work in the first place, even this much.. Click here to speculate, "White of the transfer" from the time limit should be the reign of Hui-chang Tang Wuzong years. Bai is still alive at this time, Chen Hong may have died, while yin is at its creative peak. "The mass of white" from the time limit should be in the post-Jin Xiuzhuan Five, "Tang Dynasty" when the "reign of the Millennium" at this time when the official came. Before that, the Tang emperors, only the officially the "Record", "politicians", not "the discipline." 2. . "White of the Biography" also is a "reign in mass" for the Motherland: From the book, Appendix IV:. " .
<长恨传>Two versions.
<长恨歌>Table "view," Everlasting Regret "and" Lai of the Biography "than the correlation between the" white of the Biography "seems stronger. "Everlasting Regret" in many verses can be in the "Li the transfer" to find the corresponding content, the theme of two more similar. But the "white of the Biography" also has some "Everlasting Regret" echo more closely the "Li of the Biography" in the paragraph did not, for example: [1]. . "White of the Biography": "tokens of love of the evening, granted by solid nobile of tin boxes. And life with further shaking, hanging gold pan, take half." "Everlasting Regret": "its shallow pan step Hua Yan Jin , Hibiscus account warmth Spring Night. "[2]. .。 ' And said: ' a man not monkey woman for her, but seeing the female fins for the door. ' It is the people envy. "The everlasting": "then the parental love, not respawn nanzhong daughters. "[3]. the white of the biography": "pool of Lotus Open summer, autumn. Palais Samuel "The everlasting": "Palace leaves full order red not sweep," "too fluid Furong weiyang willow. "Infer from this that the white, the author of the biography" should also be seen in the reign biography ", and progenitor of the writing. And the Lai this biography ", the white of the biography" writing more mature, is obviously for a generation of people.. .
Report: the everlasting biography "of the two versions of the Li-love collection" the everlasting biography "see the wenyuan yinghua article 5-4200 pages. EF 1966, the first edition. The conviction of the two carriers were from Mr. Wang pijiang critiques of the Shanghai Tang's novels, books publishing houses in January 1978, the new version, only the individual punctuation was adjusted.
"Li intelligence collection" of the "Everlasting Regret Biography" a New Century, the six characters Bingling, the whole world without waves, the same ritual, God and man. Long reign of the emperor-year-old, tired almost Gansi, before the prime minister appointed national policy on the right. Duangong reclusive, Chu thinking national color. Yuan Xian Empress Wu Huifei Jieyou first pet, has pass away Xie, Gong Shi by no means. Not from the music suddenly got the idea suddenly. .
2-year-old October, driving fortunately Lishan of huaqinggong, bath in the hot springs. Inner and outer life, Yap-Yiu King from the after-effects of the bath, and gives to soup bath. Ling liquid not frozen, yushu early Fong, spring ring, Francis Sang Chan. At the heart of oil so that there is a glimpse of the event. Gu maid 3, powder-like soil. Outside the Palace were called upon to make, young women, both hongnong hairpin. Green, yunsheng grey hair, skin, soft snow setting decorated with bright, fiber concentration, behavior, such as Emperor and busy ye Mrs Li. ..
3 on the See of tomorrow, Chao Hua Qing Hot Spring Bath, Qinglan three feet, the washing out of jade, lotus water, the phoenix dancing in Kam. Only water, Jiao more power micro, very Luo Qi. Spring of the first month, before Wyatt got the idea. . .
5 uncle Kundi, are all-pass Hou, Nvdi female brother, rich royal Houle, car service system, MG-eup, Didi, and the large Princess Mou men, grace is they have the power. Cut out the door do not ask, the capital Changli look askance. ..
7 subsequently Xuanzong hunting Chengdu, Su-tsung ordered Lingwu. Guangdong next year, Amnesty Gaiyuan, Dajia also have. In six Long Road at Ma Wei, Jun Chenxiang care, sun and the moon light. Do not wing day, father and son Yao and Shun, the world is Japan. Overlord to support Palace. . .
9 Chengdu alchemist, able to travel by air and the supernatant. Remember the Emperor Yang endless sense of the heart, is the large Luo days into to the government, dizziness, heart shake, find the disappeared. Then driving Lang Yu, Yun cover, floating blue sky, the three mountains in the east sea, then into the palace of Penglai. Mirage West Wing, there are holes households, the Department said: "Jade Princess is too real hospital.". .
10 for the door, long time, have a Yu Tong Tsing Yi. Alchemists chuanhai Emperor. Both into the page coincidence, Joan, great stealth. Interest at the rate of gas heavy foot alchemists, hand over. Offshore wind, sky and Grotto. Is the number of people, see fairy feet out home, visitors to jade Hall.
11 classroom 褰 Jiuhua account, there is one ice position, Lotus Crown, exposed raw silk cape, just like as in Gushe mountain. Before the military's, Chuan Han emperor alchemist life. Statement is not complete, stand back sad, recalling a study of the heart, re falling sector, due to Qi Xia. Tsing Yi to take children to a nobile, tin boxes a, Feng overlord: "Gou heart like gold, and as hard as tin, for the day, the next for the world, re-meet, good cooperation, such as the old.". .
12 alchemists affected by letter. The line, color deficiencies. Yu Fei-with its meaning, a message saying: before their knees "Please pay at that time, no smell in person, to the Chinese emperor, fear, negative facial Nobile Xinyuan also flat of fraudulent. ”。.
Fairy Lianrong low shoulder, faces the prospect in terms of saying: "Formerly Tempo six years, paternity chariot summer palace in Lishan. July, Weaver cows meet the evening. Qin customs, is the night Fairview Zeng Qi Zhang, tree melon flowers Chen diet, incense on the court, that the Qi Qiao. Third Baibi, thread needle in the month, the high tariff lines in clothes. the night is half, things break guards in hand, paternity in Dili alone, standing by the shoulder, said phase oath heart League : 'ages for the couple.' oath completed, handle the sadness. The knowledge of the king alone. ". .
13 Alchemist also played at the Chang an, a Regent. Very interested on the Emperor, almost unbearable feeling sad.
14 Hee! Female German, who is also non-polar; life and death, who is also the Dabie. Therefore the sage Day herself, and made their feelings against the chaos of people who have. Students a sense of his mind, drowning death of his love, and Ruzhi He?. .
$ 15 and December of the year, Taiyuan Bai Juyi winter Wei Yu Zhou Zhi, Wang Zhi Yu and langya House Xianyou Valley. For leisure, work together in the mountain. Quality, in the words and is in. White Lotte, deep in thought, also, born talent, thought that the past is deeply passionate and moving, as the long term, "song of hate, make-biography. Who are hidden, hung, non-official historian, know who is the biography of this within the reign. To the according to Wang Zhi Fu said of ER.
"Bai Changqing set" the "Everlasting Regret Biography." .
1 Kai yuan, Tai-Ping, the seas. Xuanzong in bit years long, tireless in night of food, no gan clothing size, beginning at right Prime authority. Slightly deep tour feast for his own amusement. First Queen of Wu Shu yuan Xian Fei has pet, time is a good neighbourhood, the Palace has several child, it is pleasing to thousands. Why not on heart...
October 2, in years, receives favor from China Qing, inside and outside the Ming Fu, Yi Yao Jing from, bath at the aftermath, given to soup bath. Spring spirit fluid, Zhan during swing. Upper Center spontaneously, if encountered. Before and after care about, pink, such as soil. Chao Gao Lishi potential outside the house search, have women in the life Hongnong Yangxuan Yan Di, both hairpin carry on. Hair on the temples tired of management, fiber-dense medium, the rule of leisure behavior, such as the Han Ms. Wu Dili. .
3 don't give soothing verticillata tangquan, Chao-ying. Both water and weak force that surpasses Luo Yi. Radiance radiate, turn Chiu. Very happy.
4 Jinxian day, played the music to guide the Colourful Plumage, tokens of the evening, granted by solid nobile of tin boxes. Also ordered with further shaking, hanging gold pan. Next year, registered as Royal, a half after the taking. From this rule of its capacity, sensitivity of its words, Yuen favorite million state, is in the intent. Yan favorite on the benefits. Kyushu province when the wind, mud Jinwu Yue, Li Shan, snowy night, spring on North Korea, and the uplink with the chariot, only with the room, banquet special seats, special sleep rooms, although the third wife, nine example, twenty-VII women, eighty one to master his wife , cum only one temple, Yuefu prostitutes. The emperor not stare meaning. Fortunately, no recoil naturally Palaces were. Yan-Fei Tu particular state special cause is covered intelligence Minghui, skillful so eloquent, the first purpose intended Greece, there are those who can not be described. . .
5 Uncle Kun Ching brothers, are those of you here to pass you, Chuck. Sister seal State Lady Lie, rich, Royal family, car service, and great character with a Princess to defeat him. En-forces, and after it. Access forbidden doors do not ask, as the Imperial Changli. Since that time folk poems: "don't cry babies, baby don't like acid. "Said:" male monkey woman for her, but seeing the female fins for the door. "As people envy so. ..
6 Tempo late brother Guozhong Pirates of the prime minister position to fool the country handle. And the An Lushan led his troops to the palace to discuss Young as words, do not keep Tongguan, Tsui Hua Nanxing. Out of Xianyang, Ma Wei Ting pass, six military wandering Chiji not enter. V launched from the official Langli, please punish Chao Cuo to thank the world. Ying Feng Yak Guozhong plate of water, died in road weeks. Meaning is not so fast, the question of, when the outspoken, please complain to Royal Serbian world. Shangzhi not help, then could not bear to death are reflected in its anti-sleeve of a robe hide their faces, so that the pull away. Panic was removed, actually died of feet below the group. .
7 is the Xuanzong Kano Chengdu, suzong enthronement lingwu. Next year, amnesty to element, are also great driving. Respect reign as Regent, raising nangong, moved to the West since nangong...
8 things to move, music, misfortune will come. To the spring every day, winter night, lotus pool open in summer, fall off the Huai Gong, Liyuan disciples, jade string together sound, smell Colourful Plumage song, the day is not Yee Yen, about virtual sob. III contains a meaning, the idea is not bad. Seeking the Menghun, Yao can not get. . .
9 adjustments to a Taoist priest from Shu, known as a fondness for the Yang Fei on is that talks with Paul Lee, Jun. Xuanzong's wedding, due to its fate. Alchemist is exhausted its operation to cable, not to. Whilst driving, out youshen heaven, not to the nether world. Also for four virtual next, dongji TMSC, cross Ponte pot, see highest mountain with, on floor, there is romance que cave, East to close its doors, the Agency said: "Jade's too true. ” 。.
Fei Alchemist pumping hairpin buckle 10, a double DW virgins out of their door. Alchemist rash no time made, and double-complex into the DW. Bi Yi maid and Russia have to, restrain it from. Tang Tianzi Alchemist messenger for calling, and to achieve its mission. Bi Yi says: "Yu Fei Fang sleep, please wait it." Sea of clouds at the time and lifeless, Cave at dawn, Joan households overlap silent. Alchemist full convergence breath, hand over the sects. A long time, and extends into the clothing Bi, said: "Jade Princess out.". .
11 see a person dressed Crown Golden Lotus, Xiao, red-purple jade, drag around the waiter-XI groans, 78, Yi-Alchemist, ask: "the Emperor Ann?" was asked to Tianbao 14, also made a payment of Benjamin. Means the Green clothing from the inlay "Nobile, the folding box half Angel, grant said:" I would like to offer thanks supersovereign is good, looking old. ”。.
12 Alchemist by words and letters. The line, color is insufficient. Yu-Fei Zheng its meaning solid, complex speech before kneeling: "Please the issue was not heard of others who experience the overlord. Otherwise, the fear of tin boxes nobile, the negative level of fraud is also a new wall.". .
13 Angel still playing overlord, Wong heart telegram to offer daily non-reservations. In the summer of its April, palace, upon the death. .
Chapter exposed the mysteries through the ages. .
The first section on the legend of Yang.
Yang died in the Rebellion in Mawei, this conclusion seems to have become through the ages, have all the official history says. But the folk legend's funeral gave her put on a mysterious veil. Bai biggest devaluation of the "Everlasting Regret" and Chen Hong's "Regret Biography", Yang Fei Xianju proposed in the "sea mountains", where the Emperor saw the angel went to her claim. Second, a group of poems are actually made "Mawei" poetry. The second song is:. .
Some have called this poem is "Everlasting Regret" short of the best. It is noteworthy that, in the poem, the yin to this story does not seem as myths and legends, but as a fact to be critical. Song compiled the "Taiping", "Yang Tong You" article, reproduced in detail, "Sin Chuan theft by finding" recorded in Chengdu Taoist Feng Yang through quiet reign of life, to go overseas with Taoism Yang Fei's been searching for (see book, Appendix VIII). At the same time, private citizens have spread the Taoist Wang colored boat set off, but also shaped candle, the response is too true story of the soul and the reign meet (see the book in Appendix IX).。 Then, in the legend and the truth, whether there was some kind of relationship? on Yang Fei Mawei legend, after a Ming scholar Wang Shizhen had a comment:.
"Shichuan, too true that the Commission Fei Ma Wei, as the pity things and fairy Princess to pregnant and non-written if it was Shichen also. And that the days of falling membership contingent, several of its compensation negative, and to the Commission and others, but also its number also. the book being to arrest Chen Hong, the world benefits to the letter. ... ... to the Shu, the see "Qingchengshan recorded" Remember that time things in great detail. ... ... The book is made by the Provisional Hong Qiong priests, nor with its Zoushi, do not have avoided it indeed! will also pass the details without their, so as to bypass the book also. this "Qingcheng recorded" good different person came for some time now. and fill Tech Zhao home, the late, lamented sincerely Ethernet Sin carry on. that it is for the evil demon, who produced chaotic disaster response, and cents are so so yeah? fairy things, Confucianism are not road, then the world can not be said no matter.。 "-The book Wang and calligraphy Court · Mawei diagram".
This view of him at the time of the academic community is undoubtedly unique. Into the twentieth century, more and more people on the official history of challenges, they believe that Yang did not die from Mawei Incident, folk legend is not lip service, but a historical fact as background. For example: ━ ━ in 1929, the famous scholar Yu Pingbo "Novel Monthly" published twenty-two volumes entitled. " .
<长恨歌>And. ..
<长恨歌传>The mass suspected "a text. Started the suspect did not die Ma wei Yang Fei herald, in the History world caused great repercussions. Yu's on the "Song", "Biography" careful analysis concluded that: "In the meantime one thing will obviously Yan, non-allegorical pretensions of the horses. Clouds will be cited as the descendants of the big ring, then the Scots being to ugly, non-romantic story also. "Yu's view that:" Everlasting Regret "," humble and real clever like, the word document like real heavy and empty, like encouraging the implementation of their deeds can be ugly, the home has been the Millennium carry on reciting chord families, while hiding all the ancients passed to the pity. "He speculated: Ma Wei died in the year of the" crescent "is not my Yang Yuhuan, but her double. From "Song," "Biography" It seems that she is to escape later, when the Nvdao Shi.。 The "Lady of the Tang dynasty Taoist track near prostitution, a non-story also", the so-called Szu Taoist priest would move heaven and Earth are in fact "Ming Wong-secret messengers access too real," but "too real to help but respect is of beauty" dust of robbery, the Chinese Kun Coromant, hateful or otherwise craves. …… Ming Wong-know too true in room not recapture water, history took a very out of potential, "and finally into the eternal long hatred.. This is the "Everlasting Regret" Some speculation on the most obvious evidence. But Yu's view, the "sea mountains" seems to be somewhere in the country. His exile in Japan regard the famous Yang Fei said Japan did not think. ━ ━ February 1982, Mr. Sun Ruzhou in the "literary heritage supplement" the fourteenth series published in the "Reading" Everlasting Regret> and. .
<长恨歌传>. 1. . Yang escape the amulet on the process: The first argument is: Ma Wei incident, the imperial guards to major general Chenxuan Li Yang Datang boat was willing to die in order to calm the spirit martyred body moved, could not bear to kill it, then and Gao Lishi conspiracy to maid on behalf of the dead. Since the death penalty is Gao Lishi, and inspection bodies is Chenxuan Li, so this to false on behalf of the really "Diaobao dollars" a success. Royal escorted by Chen Xuanli fast southern escape confidant about sailing in this near Shanghai, east to Japan. Click here to view, Yang should be the fifth set in the Tempo (D'first year, AD 756) to Japan.。 Her resurrection and Guinness, Chen Xuan Li has no relation, but rather in the Palace dancer Xie ' barbarian and musician Ma cents of salvation, the last in Japan with the help of qiantang makes, in to-Germany two years (the a.d. 757) East Japan. The third argument is: Yang after fleeing Mawei, disguised as a prostitute, come to the country. To Gan Yuanyuannian (758) take boat drifting to Japan, in the Seto Inland Headley-or long-landing. 2. Yang reached Japan after experience: a way of saying is: Yang Hai line infected, landing soon died. The so-called Yang's descendants actually should be went yangguozhong grandson Yang Huan's descendants.. ━ ━ Today, Atsuta, Nagoya, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Kutsuna, etc., as well as the tomb of Yang's grave and other sites in Kanagawa Prefecture, Kanazawa said the name of the temple, Yang used the possession of the glass curtain, the original is still quite beautiful, is now eroded. Yang is said to live in Penglai Palace of the year, which is now Atsuta Shrine. Japanese folklore, Yang was originally a Japanese thermal Field Dynamic God, in order to prevent the Tang Empire launches an attack on Japan, she went to spend the Tang Emperor turned into a beautiful fight. Shih, she has returned to Atsuta Shrine.。 2052 1963, Japan a girls on television, claimed to be descendants of China's Yang, and produce a history of the genealogy file. It is said that the famous actor shankoubaihui also consider themselves Yang's origin. 2052-1973, Mr. Taiwan writer nangong Bo published the Yang outgoing "and a series of research articles and literary works. He analyzed the folklore and historical records that Yang possibility of exile in Japan.. Guozhong moonrise was the son of Foreign Minister Yang, and close contacts in Japan sent to the Tang Dynasty. Yang and his party at the crucial moment by the Japanese sent to the Tang Dynasty of relief, it is not inconceivable things. In recent years, China and Japan, some local governments and civil society on the legend of Yang exile in Japan demonstrate a strong interest, and thus derived from the distinctive "Royal diplomacy":. .
"Japan's Yamaguchi Prefecture oil Tanimachi local has been circulating Yang drifting in Japan say. Oil Tanimachi a monastery ─ ─ two homes in the yard security placed a white Yang statue. The statue like Xi'an carved, it was built in Malaysia Yang Wei of Singapore, as exactly the same. ... ... It is said that construction of the tower in the vicinity of the five rounds is the tomb of Yang. ... ... out of two homes after taking the direction towards Cape Kawajiri short walk north, you can see Yang drifting ' landing 'to ─ ─ Don crossing. Tanimachi now oil has been due to the legend of Yang into a tourist attraction famous. ". .
. In this case, Yang Fei and his party almost impossible to avoid all travel thousands of miles off against the inventory, safely arrived in Yangzhou port; ━ ━ navigational technology was backward, to Japan is no easy task. The so-called "boat drifted to Japan" is indeed nonsense, but as emissary between the two groups as each profile wedding, but not a helpless woman can do it in exile. It can be said about life and death after Ma Wei Yang mystery of artistic creation is not only the current hot topics is the focus of academic debate. The eternal mystery surrounding the start of the academic debate, not only of concern for the hundreds of millions of descendants, but also many ethnic Chinese cultural circle of the attention.
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<长恨歌>
<长恨歌>Communications, "Zhou Xiliang, by Yu was contained in the" Academic Journal "No. 6 1981, 34:" On the legend and the Yang. .
<长恨歌>
Section II, "Xuanzong inbound," the three insiders. .
<一>Bristol City twelve railings, jade rhinoceros provision of the provision of cold dust. Langzhong Court has books with Cape Air, F Luan bed habitat everywhere. Xing Shen sea when the window view, the rain, Heyuan Gezuo see. If Xiao Zhu Ming has set a growth plate on the water fine. .
<二> On the shadow that sound been poor, Jade Pool lotus leaf is bathed. Not every Hsiao Hugh look, see Hong ya also shot shoulders. Purple Phoenix on her title of Chu-Pei, red dance appropriated Xiang scales. Oh, you look the boat in the night, embroidery is so alone sleep.
<三>Tanabata come first, period, since the bridal chamber foil curtain down. Gu Yu-round rabbit newborn soul, Network Rail did not branch coral. Education prosecution side in King and God, to close the Phoenix paper write miss. "Wu Huang inbound" clearly in, Murdoch did not know the total world! . .
. Chen Hong's "Regret Biography" Shichuan two versions, one with access found in Bai's "Changqing Bai Ji" (hereinafter referred to as the "white of the Biography"), found out another edition, "The Cream" appendix, allegedly a quote from "Laguna Love Collection" and "Beijing this Daqu" (hereinafter referred to as "Li of the Biography"), the two differ significantly from the text book (see Appendix IV: "Everlasting Regret Biography" of two version
"Element and the first year of winter, December, Taiyuan Bai Wei Zhou bend of a river at. I Xianyou Valley with her husband Wang Clan quality, hand in hand into the mountains because of Xiari. Quality of language and husband in the Road, So. Peard, YU Si are also deep, with born talented, passionate and moving that the past is also deeply, it is "Regret the word of" Songs to make Hong Chuanyan. the world of the hermit, hung non-historian, I do not know, know who the "reign in Biography" in this . to the data, Wang Zhi Fu said the Seoul. ". .
While the white end of the biography "is.
"Element and the first year of winter, December, Taiyuan white Rakuten from Wei Yu Zhou bend of a river Collator, so her husband David and the quality Langya Wang Yi. Xiari Xiangxie Tour Xianyou Temple. Words and matter, phase sigh. Quality fu held up the wine at Lotte ago said: 'Fu Xi on behalf of the matters, the non-birth of the only touches of the event, then with the vanishing, but not of the world. Rakuten deep in poetry, who has more than love. Examination of the song, how? 'Lotte because "Everlasting Regret." Italy are not only a sense of the event, Yiyu Correctional stuff, snapped random order, were also down in the future. Song of de facto, the Hong Chuanyan. the world who are not heard, to non-Kai Yuan Dynasty, do not know. the world know who the "reign of the Millennium" in the. this, but pass "Everlasting Regret" cloud Seoul. ". .
Here, the bibliography of "reign is apparently open file belonging to the Crown, and the reign of biography" you should be certain inner secrets spread. In the Lee of the biography ", the following points are worth noting: 1. the song clearly pointed out that the Wolf", "biography" write all "memories" immortal words and not of; 2. the song "," biography "of creation is the reign of the progenitor of the biography"; 3. Chan said he and BAI Ju-Yi from Wang Zhi Fu there heard within the reign biography ", evaded him to the world the further spread of the reign of content within a biography".. Of yin "Mawei overseas only hear more of Kyushu," a poem but also that the "Everlasting Regret" a bit short and insignificant. But today it seems, white, Chen, Li, copying each other does not exist between the three relationships, they have a common ancestor of the creation ─ ─ "reign in Biography." In other words: Bai, Chen Hong, yin three are "Xuanzong inbound," the insider. In the yin times, "reign in Biography" is still a small group to be within a certain Yu, foreign strictly confidential documents. Understand this, read "Three Bi City", we can "reign in Biography" reign, Yang Fei Ma Wei speculated after the experience as follows: 1. ... Mr Fei and constraints, she led a "provision of dust jade Rhinoceros to provide in the cold" typical Aristocrat female Taoist life; 3. her private life looks very disorderly, Li Shang-yin acrimony her "female bed ubiquitous CMS-Luan," "don't see Hong ya also shot shoulder"; 4.. She and re-establish contact with the reign of the "Star sinking submarine when window see the rain over the river separates the city", the two are very frequent correspondence, but "lang Court book empty report of cranes", Li Shang-yin rebukes her "collection will Phoenix paper write Acacia"; 5.. She and reign to Mawei incident after the third year of Tanabata, somewhere in the vicinity of jianghan had a secret meeting.. E Jun Chang Wang boat the night sleeping alone Xiubei incense "is written in the scene when the meet. Can be said that reign, Yang Fei Jianghan secret meeting, is" Three Bi City "theme. Shangyin on the matter who severely criticized the attitude. This poem writing the last few vernacular can be changed if:..
This speculation is not too romantic? No, the "Li of the Biography", the matter has been twilight side askance. .
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In the reign of Li Bai times able to produce "Pusa Man", "Yiqin E" such a mature word, is the current academic debate but also a hot spot. Negative views of the people think: from the Tang Dynasty era of the existing term view, the word was not out of the fetters of poetry and independent, so much for the neat five or seven-character form, not later divided into upper and lower tie down the Long Short Sentence. I think that the General Orders can still be used for general scholars, but coupled with the Emperor categorically not. No matter from which side, the music leader of the then Emperor is, he is entirely possible but also should have the artistic level of the times ahead.
"Yi Gong Bao bun partial sample tender lotus face, body red cedar. Meidai do not need to open draw sheets, income coming from a long day teaching. Mo Allure lean appearance, take a married, had her lover. Another year less a good negative Mo time. ". .
Here's "red delicious", seems to be characteristic of Yang. The Oko Tianbao Yishi "in the article" red Khan:.. "
"Royal each to the summer months, often wore light raw silk, the Shier AC fan blast, still know their hot. For every sweating, tired and more fragrant red. Or swab the top of the handkerchiefs, and the color pink also. ". .
The good old days "Word to the people of the direct impression is: this is the early years, his tempo and Yang out feelings. But anyway, this is obviously not the first word is the reign of his works, because it's too late since the new century into the waiter, the favourite of inclination of the Palace, and I very much envy, Xuanzong had not dare and other female flirting openly. It is important to note that the first words have shaped the basic form of the word.. .
"Hu dust committed que check rush gate, Kim Lu promotes Yu yan. Yunyu is Kings Xiao, heartbreak at the date returned? hate, hate old look back upon the mountains. Independence at sky blown, Crescent-Utah-arches. "-Sinus Hiroshi remaining: the wide and complaining of being relegated to sin.
Front of the poem, there is a long sequence:. .
"Tianbao fifteen years the first month, not against, the depression anlushan Luoyang. Wang ' defeat, not closed. Fortunately, Shu, transit is cancelled at Mawei post, six army not fat, Yang himself, and then driving line. Time Lawrence Valley, on a horse, qinchuan remote speech mausoleum Temple, then to moan about tears, all weeping. That Guinness said: ' we listen to the age of nine, not here. ' Is the hit-making to George, Ethernet solid offering. Because the Maso flute, flute melody, Taiwanese expatriates during his examination table, stood for a long time. When a record in spectrum Division Rotary, and Luang driving to Chengdu, is into this spectrum, music. Emperor that ' my age by s.c., also don't intend to name the song to the complaining of being relegated to sin. ' Its aims in the case of Mawei.. Resentment cut its sound, all music Moby. Dali, the southern people Shing this song. Sima Muzhou with the provincial governor Liu Changqing Zuoqian, within the ancestral feast, Changqing then essays the words of the song blowing, which means quite contented, cover is also unknown ability. I know both the equipment and talk their word essays for Xia Ri, complex life musicians to sing it, I do not know who its by wide. . ".
Sinus Hiroshi, birth and death are unknown, about a.d. 825 years alive, and Bai Juyi's contemporaries. Fufeng Pingling people (now xianyang city Northwest), officer-Taizhou CI. Sinus Hiroshi remaining mean: Although the word "immortal complaining works in Jiangnan spread very widely, but people do not know what it was originally the Palace in order to cherish Yang. So like Liu Chang-such great poet, or seek out a Farewell Banquet, free to play, the lyrics and "meaning quite contented" jokes.. "Preface" as mentioned in the Liu Changqing, a Tempo, a famous poet during the Dali, the "Wu Yan Great Wall," said. Dragon King was born in Tang Zhongzong about three years (AD 709), the New Century Scholars twenty-one year and died in Dezong Zhenyuan years (AD 786 years). He Zuo Qian Sima Muzhou big calendar years (AD 773) of the fall things, this time from the death of Emperor Spring three years (AD 762), but a decade ago. He filled in the "Dixian complaints" word surviving today:. .
"Low at the beginning of sunset Riverside, melancholy a solution together. How to Ping Wu birds, people with water. Baiyun thousand miles, Moon River, after the former River. Independence, banished to Changsha hate River TAM spring grass covered. ”。.
Hong Dou Liu Changqing remaining with about half a century apart, but they filled in the "Dixian resentment," the word structure is identical. This is only one possible explanation: "Dixian complaints" the hands of the Emperor has been completely finalized, sinus and Liu are leaning in the sound of a pattern by the same lyrics. This further confirmed the Tempo Dynasty, Emperor lyrics in the hands reaching artistic maturity. Experienced an unfortunate incident after Ma Wei Emperor, indeed has had to create such as "Pusa Man," "Yiqin E" word for such a high level all the necessary conditions.。 In the wide and complaining of being relegated to sin, is also the bodhisattva barbarian "," recalls both words "qine? from the above analysis shows that the" emperor Xuanzong is the bodhisattva barbarian "," recalls the word author qine "two" the conjecture, and cannot simply be impossible for the inconsistency, but rather a lot of historical data you can rely on. But the two first words why finally to Li Bai's name? author feels that there might exist a clearance of anagram. Suzong reigned Li Heng, respecting the reign as "too on San Road and saw the Emperor," who called "supersovereign", hereinafter referred to as "Queen" or "too Wong".. The illegible, the opera profession might not matter, because they are familiar with the situation, students will not be mistaken. But scholars do not understand the situation, it was a trap, he might hesitate to assume that the author is Bai. Due to historical reasons, the reign is not known in literary circles Yang, and "Li Du Hot" is enduring. Li Bai in the image of later scholars, it is too big. Words in the Tang Dynasty, the general civilian head of the end for the vulgar arts, the literary world is not its status. Late Tang and Five Dynasties, the word gradually into the literary world, but to send all the rage among the flowers before the statue of highbrow "Pusa Man" and "Yiqin E", were unable to recognize its artistic value.. But when can I go back to the overlord ah (What is the way)! Lack of concern Guanshan obstacles, the most concern is the bureaucratic personnel, who know they will receive me how to do (Chang Ting Ting shorter)? At this point most Xuanzong anxiety, is his son, the political conflict between the Su-tsung. There was a time back to reign in Beijing also uttered sentiments on this issue, and the germination of the idea of his home in Sichuan. If it were not Limi from mediation, father and son do not know what was referred to the point. Accordingly, we can also "Yiqin E" Photo Gallery for the next tie down as follows:. .
Always remember to Le you Yuan on qingqiu section happy hour, she slipped in xianyang ancient meteorite jade aroma. Dwell forever lost, dwell forever dead! Mawei, long associated with her only--westerly, Tomb, Dad standing.
Click here to inference, "Pusa Man" as years in D'October, Chang has been recovered at this time, but has not yet Emperor Jing. The "Yiqin E" as in D'two years after August 15. .
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Chapter II words were winding Exploration. .
. Month stay, the Imperial Hua, Pompous eclectic, Qingsi rain. Li Bai of Tang Dynasty who works with the overall rating of: "Know that the husband or two gas, not Qiluo children made" very different. Bai Ci fine play, there are several salient features: a. . Words unleashed a torrent of talk in political affairs, unlike the general literary affectation, whitewash; II. . Of the alleged assaults on the physical examination of court life, unlike every other boots tickling the general scholar; III. . Author of more than stand in the angle of principal description of court life in the first person, and the general civilian servants always put themselves or bystanders position. Comment Wang descendants of the "Palace of the word one hundred", "secret court to write something to do", but if the ratio of Li Bai, it is trivial.。.
"Forbidden http autumn, crack the window on gold prospecting. Jade mandarin ducks spray Lanshe accounts, time off Yindeng fragrant candle stub. Companion, then Gumian off, Palaces Luo Qi thousand. Smile all students per pro, Chen Zhong (one for travel ) who teach in the side?. " .
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"New century, no early heavy timber in herbaceous peonies, 1895. Have four: red, yellow, light red and white. As a result of transplantation to the East Xingqing pool also sandalwood. Take party photos, excellent breeding night white, too true silhouette from Princess to step. All particular premium in PEAR disciples, de Le 16 operations. Lee turtle, song of the moment arrives clutching music sheet, & Tan, to songs. On: ' appreciating flowers on feizi, how the term is used in old music? ' then life turtle years golden flowers for special occasions, the Evangelist gives Li Bai Li into the qingping "quit three chapters. White was still bearing, mysteries of bitter hostel cheng, because the aid amount of Fu. Remarks:.
Cloud to dress flower like Yung, Xiao-fu Revlon spring. Yushan first see either group will be the next to Yaotai every month. .
A red beaut, wushan Yunyu and perverted heartbroken. Outreach Palace who was like a poor Feyenoord against the xinzhuang?.
Country, two-phase flowers dumping Huan, grow with Xiaokan king. Explain the spring infinite hate, incense kiosks Beiyi railings. .
. For life on the taste of the three Li Baiguan, died defending the palace of the full length. (The "Window Song recorded") "─ ─" Taiping Lee Ku-volume two hundred and four years. ".
"Li Bai anti-chi retro, by the more ancient Yue of the system, the law must past the body has been cut, but not measures intended when the World lyrics are. That future generations of the Biography" Qingping tune "chapters, for Late one of the novel, extravagant weak non-class, knowledge who would be able to distinguish it. but their poems Sanyi are behind many multi-party Northern Opinion of the collection, not to mention test the letter. "─ ─ Huangpu River clear:" words to explain. " .
Mr. Pao was a bit too profound expert, the argument of poems is based on logic, not out of inspiration or intuition. "Following the remaining Ogata," Mr. Wu Chi ming painter in the literary heritage of 1980 III on the Li. ..
<清平调>Distinguishing three words, "a text to prove that" Qingping tune "is not the works of Li Bai, set off a bit of a stir in academic circles. Wu's main argument is: one. . Time is wrong: Li Bai enshrined into the Imperial Academy in Beijing, Tian in the early years really has not sealed the Royal Pacific at this time, just as Nvdao Shi "potential satisfied the palace," reign never complained about not so blatantly. Four years until the time labeled Royal Tempo too true when Chang Li Bai had left, not to "reward and flowers, on the concubine" event "set into" the word chapter. II. . Plot paradox: 1. . "Palace by asking who was like? Poor swallow lean new makeup," improper allusions; 2. .。. Historical sources of suspicious: contemporaries about Li Bai's records, including Li Bai on someone else's Readme is not mentioned in this matter-related situations. Only the late Tang Wei Jun's Barnyard it spread to the world until the beginning; IV. The same melody in the Qing dynasty in the Kingdom, reallocation, contrary to music theory: the Woo cited as second North, cane, Bo and others, that the first three qingping "no suspicious manner fundamentally is lyrics". In the Tang dynasty, the Qing dynasty, vocal music, side three tunes like "tolerably, qingping tune that two of the Kingdom of songs, neither precedent nor the AfterEffect, because it doesn't fit in the Tang dynasty in music theory.. . Said Yang as "dumping country", to "swallow", none of the proper of the speech; II. . "Heartbroken vain", "Unlimited Hate" and other solemn words, but with a celebration of Poem of the subject sub-harmonic; III. . "Cloud Wushan," taken from the Fairy King Xiang and his son has a rendezvous with the story, some people think it is ironic life Princess Yang worked.。.
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Aquilaria Pavilion poem as a very dramatic material, literary and artistic works in the history of the creation of themes are also gradually being neglected. Qing Hong Sheng's "Palace of Eternal Youth" screenplay, novel stroke Palace Modern Taiwan, "Yang," Yasushi Inoue of Japan, "Yang Chuan", and even the recent release of the TV series "emperor", are not set to destroy Li Bai Gao Lishi slander plot. Mirage off boots, slander and other things into the Guinness neither credible, "Qingping tune" the origin also much room for discussion. From "Qingping tune" the contents of the point of view, it clearly is the Emperor and Yang play a particular festival theme sketches the scene.。.
"The flowers on the Hospitals Biandian, because access" EMPEROR inbound "to the time after the concubine to the whole hand on the collar, saying: 'Look what instrument?' On laughed and said: 'Mowen, who knows if they wearily.' Mi go, but 'EMPEROR were swallows, like very light as the wind. fear of the floating Zhu, Emperor is made crystal plate, so that the palm of the Palais dance man. Shippo has made shelter units, between the various incense, content with the fear of the limbs can not help but 'also. on again, he said:' Seoul is how much of any wind. 'Princess slight muscle is also covered, so there is this language opera Princess. Princess said:' "Colourful Plumage" song, you can cover before the ancient . 'on, saying:' I get, Seoul Bianyu angry Down? memory together in one screen until the visit was to give Seoul.。 This is the Sui and gives meaning to the Princess, as in the North, Hu. The early Tang Taizong, off after Hu, and Xiao belongs to China with. Thus giving. ”。.
Yang Fei here to the air of haughty self-willed vivid description. Emperor because of the occasional joke, not only to apologize, but also to catch a screen pass national treasure, be considered the account. Shangqie in front of the Emperor Yang accompanied careful courtiers were presumably not rap. Today's perspective, relying on off the boots of the blame Gao Lishi, pick "Qingping tune" Li Bai's sentence to slander destroy things, lack of solid information, but the words used in the Code of misconduct, but it is undeniably the. Despite the beautiful mermaid is the generation, but after all, is a jealous defended Yindu history, the infamous queen. Moreover, Yang Fei's fierce jealousy is quite famous in history.。 "Some say Li Bai, with Feyenoord in Remonstrance. But how can the dynastic concubines were, there are a few do not want to make love in a "3" in the contend for the good luck? I envy, potential the inevitable. Li Bai why adventure to these business? is the Qing Wang Qi on them! this is a rather insightful comments:.
"If" Qingping tune "is Feng Zhao to make, ... ... is a dare to Gong Wei obscure matters, the king on the denied persons and micro-speech Metaphors. To Qi Jun knowledge of the Lord? Not Qi Jun knowledge of the Lord? As they do not know, words are What benefits? as they know it, is to grant the Dragon Ni Lin and Lu Formosa also! very foolish not to jump to the people, when not this. "─ ─" The Complete Works of Li Bai. " .
The author believes to Li Bai's talent, not to rush to the so stage. So, is there any who can speak in front of Yang Fei, dare to compare just the regular music language regulation admonishing and not afraid of prisoners Yen? arguably should have, this person is the Emperor Xuan Zong. It's the Yang too in the rumor that this story can be said to be Emperor Xuanzong had jokingly Yang is one of the "Feyenoord". Perhaps Emperor Xuanzong is to the screen, is bought out Yang Fei to "swallow" franchise. The Qing pingle · art Hall morning "is a very distinctive words:.
"Painting Hall early morning to report snow falling. High shutter cage to see Jia Rui, color is far Hao Ting puzzle fans. Sheng cited flue gas light, prime cold raw jade grass. Should be the angel crazy drunk, chaotic crumple the white clouds . ". .
Picturing Church】: Church name. Weiyang Palace in the Han, there are painted decoration, it said. ... ... Also refers to a painting of the hall. "Cream of" one hundred seventy-nine Southern Emperor Jianwen, "preserves the history of the king in Luling repair should order": "Back to the pool of diarrhea flying buildings, thick clouds hanging paintings Church." ─ ─ "Ci Yuan" painting Church "section." .
"' Art Hall ', which refers specifically to the Han weiyang Palace ' of the ' art Hall, decorated with pictures after generally refers to the Auditorium, nature is historic or aristocratic mansion. "-Joe cherry: the Word dictionary for appreciation of the Tang and five dynasties · Steve.
<菩萨蛮·花明月暗>Appreciation. " .
The main character of the word is a bit unusual character, he is not only a magnificent home Deluxe (art Hall, curtain trembles in, furnace), Garden wide (far fans Chamber lining), and the power suddenly, his lackey schools (to report, high volume). In his eyes, the world is extremely good. This field not only beautify the landscape of snow, more beautiful, but also indicates that bodes well for the coming year. Facing the majestic snow, author of excitement as crazy as drunk, he believes the sky snow is white in the Angel's tear disputes fall under the rubbing of debris. This is a story full of Royal propitious works. Li Bai in the snow before the outbreak of such feelings mo? at least in his existing works could not reproduce:..
"Mayday Mountain snow, no flowers there is only cold. Ocarina of smell Willow, Spring did not see." ─ ─ "plug one of the next song." .
"Candle dragon habitat poor family, once glorious still open. Sun and the moon according to the why of this? No. angry heaven only the north wind. Yanshan snowflakes as big as I, Woods blew Regulus Taiwan." ─ ─ "north wind line." .
"Mo guilty of thinking you fly Interfax, the Tigers have to be hand-Mo braid. ... ... When Sanin Li Yang He Yi, Bai Xuefei disorder who is currently spent." ─ ─ "a gift of snow Wang Li Yang drunk." .
"Last night, Liang Yuan, brother brother in cold snow. Pretrial see yushu, Oh my-branch. "-The offer on snow from brother Yucheng AZ".
"Wu, Shuo snow, from the wind crossing the Bohai sea. ... ... Send Jun Ying in the song, stop the heart break." ─ ─ "Margaret Fu Huaihai gift of snow." .
Li Bai and not love snow, in his writings, snow much represents the bitter cold, silent and frustration. This may be his childhood living in the Sichuan basin, not accustomed to the North of the Alpine climate. Notably, the Palace not only love snow, wing suet, but his wing suet poems and the Qing pingle · art Hall morning on some similarities. For various reasons, the emperor Xuanzong's poetry has no history of selected scientists the attention, but Mr. Xu Yong Zhang today on Yang Emperor Xuanzong and poem gave high appraisal:..
"There are three hundred years coquettish Tang, the emperor of the poems were handed down ten people, we should lay the base text of Emperor Ming Huang of carrying forward the China Everbright, which was following the Golden Years of Kaiyuan of-sheng, poetic style of the Pi-Huan Yi Yin, open Sheng Grand Tang Dynasty. ... ... Dynasty Ming Dynasty poetry not only for the ten poems Jie Tang and is also of everyone. ... ... to strengthen the rhythm expressive function of poetry, ... ... Tang gentlemen, but Morocco's long can it, I are unable to match. Shaoling proficient Stora before old age, the so-called 'later years gradually in versification fine'. visible Temperament importance of art in poetry. So Ming emperor of the poem, only for the emperors of the Jie Qi, suppression and the pillar of the Tang Dynasty poetry.。 …… And eZ publish to all the columns. …… Yang Fei poetic value, degradation of gracious, benign can generously been! "-Xu Yong Zhang: the reading of poetry is even pen 10..
Emperor existing poem describing snow are the following first:. .
"Muyun into the snow, the house of dawn colored the CDB. ... ... Both the Ying Chi Yan Zhao, Yi-Bo Yu will be re-.-Year-old Yin Fung will be met, all bearing Wong Tianjuan." ─ ─ "meaning into the school hunting, hi every snow. Rate Question nine rhyme to show Qunguan. . " .
"Popularity is not prepared ceremony, dense clouds floating suddenly Ing. Committee made the tree flower cold, very close to empty Luoxu light. DPRK jade is so, the Court may still next month. Only see skin-before, also welcomed the feet are surplus. Dengfeng Why report? so Xiegong Cheng. "─ ─" hi snow. " .
Emperor poem describing snow has two notable features: a. . Clouds, snow simultaneously, snow from the clouds of Health: "North wind with clouds, with snow Yunfei." "Muyun into the snow, the house of dawn colored the CDB." "Fan Yuan Xiu Yun low, snow sky dance." "popularity is not prepared ceremony, dense clouds suddenly floating snowflakes." II. . Snow is a good fortune, the main trillion in abundance: "both Xin Ying Chi Siu, Yi-Bo Yu will be re-.-Year-old Yin Fung will be met, all bearing Wong Tianjuan." "To know that ground-shirt means, the first in abundance in this show." " Why Dengfeng reported? so Xiegong Cheng.
"No court spring day, the hawk feather Phi new embroidery. Baicao seeking to spend the next clever bucket, bucket full of only bet Abas. Night but manager makeup, free dance Colorful Imperial, who is slim waist Road? Off spin king laugh." . .
On this word, near Wang Chung-Wen has seen some research:.
"Tang Lv Peng," containing gathered "to be made containing Li Bai" Qingping Le "four (Huang Sheng" Wise Men wonderful Song Ci "Volume I cited it, and select the other first. The two also included" respect for the former set "), Ouyang Jiong order" Hua Jian "Yiyun: 'In the Ming Dynasty poet Li Bai, there should be" system Qingping Le "Four words.' Chinese is said, would be desirable and believable. fine by it, is one of a will be made of non-Bai. word says: 'late to have reasonable makeup, free dance Colorful Imperial.' This must be something with 霓裳羽衣舞, according to Du "Li Road, tips," says: 'Tempo thirteen set to change all music name in July, ... ... the Huangzhong business "Brahman" song to "Colourful Plumage" song.
All the relevant information from the current point of view, not only evolve 霓裳羽衣舞 Yang, or the creator of the dance, dancer, and head coach. .
"Kings of the Magnolia Hall on the feast, when the magnolia hair, Wong feeling unhappy. Princess drunk in the dance," Colourful Plumage "song, the day Yantai Yue, know the snow back to the wind flow can return to days turn to." ─ ─ Music History : "Yang too true rumor." .
"Case treasure to be found before the dancers, could not people vulgar clothes. Xiapei Hong Sang-step shake crown, Tian Ying Lei Lei Pei Shanshan. Painting is not like any of Luo Qi, Gu listen to music Hanging complex only. ... Jun made this dance ... rare person, shall be a Fashion poor women. "─ ─ Bai:" Colourful Plumage song. " .
"Royal reverberates Shi Jun-side, weak numerous beads Villa fan. Dongxue sway cam bao warm, spring breeze rippling Seduction turn." ─ ─ Bai: "In case of Tian Le Marceau South." .
"Teaching with" Seduction "has Royal, from the beginning of time until the song into." ─ ─ Wang: "Seduction of the six ten words." .
. Gong Wei secret that matter, how can outsiders know? Actress Shichong put words in the pleasant Johnson of the state, except the palace was too true, but no second person could be so. Yang Fei of entirely through the eyes to observe the world, and the first person writing. Li Bai, if temporary cover your name, so that the reader guessing who the author is the word, then, the author is to cast one vote Yang Yuhuan. Bai in "Everlasting Regret", by the reign of life to describe the three stages: First. . Peace and prosperity, II. . Shuzhong avoid chaos, three. . Palace in the West. Li Bai's words in these three stages can be found in the corresponding chapter.. Reasonable explanation remains: These words are Emperor and Yang Yuhuan in the works, according to Bai writing "Everlasting Regret" material. "Qingping Le wide smoke deep mattress phoenix phoenix quilt" of information hidden in the words is particularly Haiyi:. .
"Luen Fung quilt bedding, often solitary places every night. More red candles and silver stand, learning continued with tears concubine. Spend some sub-time appearance, people throw away pan Xiaoxiang. Interjection pillow regret listening to cold leak, the sound drops off feeling of sadness. . " .
------------------------------------------ Reference 11: "Pu Jiang Qingwen recorded "Indigenous People's Literature Publishing House Qing River in December 1989 the second edition of 12:" Yang "Palace fight the Jilin People's Publishing House in December 1984 the first edition of 13:" Li Bai. .
<清平调>
Chapter III winding sea poetry and literature. .
. "Palace pleasures word eight," the court has always been known as a masterpiece of poetry, but read Shique can not help but doubts have arisen. First of all, to no agreement on the origins of poetry:. .
"Palace were due to taste pleasures reign, that Gao Lishi, saying: 'this moments of beauty, how can the Drama for the entertainment alone? Where people chant when the word was Yicai, can boast of in the post'. Suiming called white. When Ning Wang has been invited to the white drinking drunk, Ji Zhi, Bai Wu slumped. on the idea on a thin sound law, that the non-director, life as a "palace, seize the day" Poem Poems ten. White obeisance, saying: 'ning gave Hill wine, this have been drunk, if His Majesty gave Chen fearless, before they can do Collinson Baoji. 'on, saying:' can '. Jiqian II of Chen Ye Fu, life How pen ink research grant. and ordered its two-Zhang Zhu wire bar Before taking pen express white thinking, constantly augmented slightly, ten stand on, but without the addition of points, handwriting Qiu Li, Feng instep Long offspring, the dual law degree, all absolutely fine.
"New Century, by Roger Li, Lin Ying Zhao grass" lotus flower order "and" Palace of the word "ten, the time of waiting, in the fertile water of the elegant, slightly wake up, white in the Imperial cable pen strokes, Wenbujiadian . "─ ─】 【Tang Wang Ding:" Don Picks of Words "(from" Taiping "). .
"Early, summoned to Tianbao bevea vinichhl. …… The reign of Michael, ... Many female attendants from the tour. He day White Lotus, the public is not in the feast, emperor Huan, called public both contact for ordering. When the public has been wine to Hon's estates, still life high General Fu to boat, excellent pet. "-【 Tang 】 van pass is: the Tang left pickups of the Imperial Li Gong new tombstone.".
"The grass by the so-called" lotus flowers order ", suspected that Norm" Tombstone, "the cloud" whitening Lotus Order "also. So-called" Palace of the word "ten, suspect that" The Tale Poem "the cloud" palace pleasures words "five Verses ten words also. cover Chieh-te of the rumors, so the say no less different. this "Palace of the word" remaining eight, "White Lotus order" is dead. "─ ─ 【】 Wang Qi Qing:" Li Bai Annotations * Volume III-fifth. " .
. Fourth, "Picks of words" so-called "lotus flowers order", when is "washed out Lotus sequence" of error, because the word order only with the house by ten for the same time, but when the party in mid-spring, the lotus-off can not be opened. Accordingly, the two books not yet written the letter can do also. "─ ─ Chan Ying:" Poems of Li Bai, Department of years. ".
<一>Health Kanaya small, graceful in Ziwei. Sange plug Bao bun, pink embroidered Luo Yi. In each of the palace, often with the step Revealed return. Zhichou dance casual (I give up), into clouds to fly. .
<二>
<三>Qin Lu orange tree, Syzygium out (one for yes) Palace. Fireworks should be sunset, spring wire tube drunk. Dragon Ming played flute (one for the Yin) water, Xiao Yin (one for Ming) under Feng empty. King more pleasure, but also with the Articles with the (one for why the Chapters, one for why the gyrus). .
<四>
<五>Xiang embroidery household wind warm light of early dawn of new screens. Laugh at Palace Flower fight, the grass dark pool Seng Chun. Trees smell song birds, see the dancers brothel. Tao Li Zhaoyang month, Luo Qi from (one for the ride) blind date. .
<六>
<七>Han Xuemei the best, spring willow on the return. Gong Ying Jiao For drunk, canopies of Swallows still flying. Later than the next song on seats, new flowers burlesque clothing. Late to shift color war, diem good (one for the mud) glory. .
<八>Shuilv (one for Lu) Southern Smoked Hall, bonuses North Palace floor. Yingge smell is too fluid, Feng Chou blowing around. Motome Pei Ming Chu, Alex Choi, Lane Heaven. At the present day is a good wind, should be into the Weiyang tour. .
. .
, "Carved chariot with prostitutes election, Singing into the bridal chamber," written by Yang Fei song and dance level is outstanding, and the command of the musicians are engaged in the Kabuki dance music creation, even the master of music from her new songs to look for the emperor. Yang Fei's appearance in the lists, grace, artistic aspects of the advantages in the palace, the author gives a ripe conclusion: "the palace who first? Chebi in Zhaoyang.. In the reign, Royal romance between the period before there is too awkward, which allay suspicions Should not be circumvented? Yang Fei said the word "Zhichou dance scattered, into clouds to fly", where "clouds" looming in the use of "Wushan Yunyu" the story. Yang Fei is also to accompany singing and dancing before returning to reign pleasure palace and "worry." Why guess I do not know Li Bai Yang Fei of this mind. "More pleasure palace, why in the gyrus", "at the present day is a good wind, should be into the Weiyang Tour", the old man should openly direct the emperor how to "seize the day", which made the poem can be said to be unique.
"The beginning of the end of Kaiyuan, Jiangling into the milk citrus, on the ten kinds of the Penglai Palace. To set Tempo Ten strong fall in September. Xuan give Zaichen, said: 'I nearly in the palace a few species of Pothos plant trees this fall more than hundred and fifty strong teeth, is the progress with the South and Shudao no other, who can also slightly different. 'Zaichen table He said:' V for since the days of the regular education who can not change the nature of there, gone with the upon is described as very free feeling. is known saints Royal thing to strength cloth and, by road, then the special side lobe caused. and Orange in the plant, north-south differences, and actually have the beginning of good fortune, bandits have yin and yang of the leather. His Majesty Hyeonpung Maki, Luk family. rain that are, to be mixed sky and homogeneous; vegetation sexual, with the potential to pass gas.
In this regard, there are few historical data available with which mutual reflection:. .
"(New Century) twenty-eight first month of spring, the two Court in the city of Beijing Road and fruit trees." ─ ─ "Old Tang Shuxuan case of the Millennium." .
Next, from the perspective of modern science, to examine the possibility of the incident: 1. . According to modern scholars, Mr. Zhen Zhu can research, Spring and Autumn Period, is a warm climate in the history of the peak period, when the average temperature in northern winter, higher than it is now about 2 ~ 3 ℃. Therefore, the distribution was largely based on citrus ─ ─ Huaihe Qinling (latitude 33 °) for the sector. The mid-eighth century AD, is another warm weather in the history of the peak period, Chang'an region distribution re-enter the northern edge of citrus. General domestic citrus growing areas in the Yangtze River (latitude 30 °) south. 2. . "Rumor" says "milk orange" present and still growing.。.
Variety: Orange Milk (including the Concentration); Type: Wide leather citrus; fruit Main Characters: fruit small, flat round, 25 to 50 grams of weight, thin, orange and yellow, easy to peel; texture, flavor and adaptation of: sweet and juicy, soft, slag, excellent quality, impatience storage; maturity: November, the middle; main Origin: Jiangxi, Zhejiang. Fujian, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and small-scale cultivation. .
(Form can not be inserted ----- I note). .
Climatic conditions in Xi'an today is: The annual average temperature of 13. .3 ℃,> 10 ℃ annual accumulated temperature 4330 ℃, extreme minimum temperature of -20. .6 ℃, the average January temperature is -1. .3 ℃. (According to "Atlas of Shaanxi Province," July 1991 edition) table 1-2 shows, Xi'an today belongs to wide leather citrus growing areas of possible (or unsuitable area). And according to Zhu's study, the climate of Tang Chang'an region should be at the meeting may be suitable for planting areas and between areas.. But the question also arises from: the general view at the current academic, Li Bai Feng Zhao to Beijing in the first year of Tian Tian III contains the autumn to spring, then "thanks to gold also Hill," never failed to return to the Emperor side. That being said, how could he come in after the Tempo Ten set to the emperor, "the word palace diem" mean? Perhaps the poem the song is not that strong in the early years of the Regency Tianbao citrus seedlings, right? But as previously said: "Orange in the plant, north and south different name." The ancients said: "Health and Huainan orange orange, trifoliate orange, compared with students in Huaibei," Although this statement is not entirely consistent with modern science, but also revealed the citrus north of the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains ─ ─ universal law firm does not work.
"Shanglin Fu": "Lu cooked orange summer." Guo Pu Note: "Today there is a passenger Xiu orange, not orange like, if grapefruit and fragrant, winter and summer have real Chinese. Or if the projectile, or as boxing, Pass-year-old eat, that Lu is also orange. "" Historical Records Solitude ": Ying Shao says:" Books Yi Yin "says:" If the United States who, Kei mountains east of the Bluebird, with Lu orange, summer ripe. "Jin Zhuo said: "Although this Shanglin Fu, Bo cited anisotropic rare, is not tied to one also.". .
"Ever since the summer what Lu orange, yellow orange Cou Gan, loquat Yan persimmon, Ting Nai Magnolia, wood Ping dates bayberry, cherry Po Tao, Yu Fu Di hidden, Ta all the lychee trees, Luo almost Temple, North Park, almost out. "─ ─ 【】 Simaxiangru Han:" Shanglin Fu. " .
. Poem of Li Bai's works should be; 2: "Lu orange" = "Jiangling milk orange", "Qin Lu orange tree" was recorded in ten out in this story of Tempo. Not the works of Li Bai's poem. So "to the off orange" can be strong in the normal growth in Chang'an, became the focus of the issue. From "Summer cooked orange Lu" and "to the customer orange produced in Xiu", "Chinese real winter have" and other phrases of view, it seems a specialty of Sichuan today, "Red May" is the same genus. "Evergreen fruit tree planting," a book "table eight" in its basic characteristics are given:. .
However, the sweet orange (especially Valencia) is clearly not suitable for cultivation in the Chang'an area, "citrus cultivation of two hundred questions," a book given the growth of the temperature indicator orange:. .
(Form can insert-----note to certified).
Table 1-3 orange growth temperature indicators ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━. .
This group poem of unknown origin ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ → ─ ┨ "Chebi in Zhaoyang" improper allusions ─ ─ ─ ─ → ─ ┨ Gong Li Bai did not include the experience of living ─ ─ ─ → ─ ╂ → "palace merry word "is not the works of Li Bai. Many tone poem Poem of the wording should be non-─ → ─ ┨ "Qin Lu orange tree" is a set of ten things Tempo ─ → ─ ┨. .
. "Pheasant towards fly" is the odd poem of Li Bai's another first:. .
On "pheasant flying toward" the theme song has several things:. .
. 'Piano and singing for assistance to clear self-injury. The sound must ... ... Ya "Qin Ge", saying: 'Come Mai Zhi Xiu Qi towards the fly, Come back to the virtual sink Joe Huai, according to the provisional must Come back pool area', "Yue problem solving", saying: 'If Jane Liang Emperor: Mak Guinea 』『 of dawn, but the chant pheasant only. '"─ ─ 【Song】 Guomao Qian:" Folk Song and Ballad. ".
. Li Bai at the age of sixty-year-old, however, does not matter how hung on the side of seventy, "I alone seventy" is it not scratching their heads? Some people think that this is "in extreme terms," but why do we seek that seventy eighty ninety without saying it? Is a coincidence: Ma Wei Emperor incident in exactly that year was seventy years old. If the poem works as the Tang Emperor to explore the theme will be much easier.。 "I only 70 and solitary lives, playing chords write hate, noone attributed Wong Nai", is the old mentality. The everlasting "wrote the reign of his dreary life and the long door resentment 2" mood very similar:.
"Days back Dipper hung Lau, Kanaya no fireflies stream. Moonlight like the door to the long house, do not worry for a palace.". .
"Everlasting Regret" in "thinking quietly flew Ying Xi house, solitary pick do not sleep. Slow leak early night clock, dedicated Galaxia For Shu days", and "long-gate complaints" has always been the same strain. "Nagato complaints" is also used as "Everlasting Regret," the material placed in the case of Bai's head it? "Double Swallow from the" Spirit to show us another world:. .
"Shuang Yan Fu Shuang yan, flying lead renxian, jade, Pearl House not only dwelling, gold embroidered household long form. Cedar fire broke out in the go to beam, in Wu Palace, and burned down, wugong chicks make nests are empty. ? a female in, widows, recalling the old male, flying hard to break my inch hearts. ”。.
This "Double Swallow" If the Queen is the emperor, or at least princely princess level. If the poem as a sigh too true life experience, then a few very good understanding of the following: "Bo Liang fire to, ... ... child do have an empty nest," apparently alluding to marry Shouwang too true then the first thing reign , and finally broken up by Shih. But the "haggard" Here they are difficult to understand, do not they really really did not die too Rebellion, which is her Guyingzilian it? However, the most interesting poems of Li Bai, or to "send away", "Yearning" is a series of male-female representatives of the two Acacia works.
"Beauty is the flower for every cloud, the long days on Qing Ming, Lu under water waves. Tianchang road is long suffering soul to fly, not dreams like the rain off of the mountain. Sauvignon Blanc, destroy the hearts!" (According to "Dictionary of Chinese geographical names ": Lu ━ ━ water tributary of the Xiangjiang River in Hunan Liling territory. Also: Liling formerly Lushui, the territory of King Joe Hill. I note). .
"Distant memory Wushan Yang, Hua-ming Lu Jiang warm. Hesitated not to, tears cloud over the south. Relentless spring complex, blowing died in my dream. But not in the eyes of people, a short news day long." ─ ─ "Send away the five" . .
Feelings of the two deep, far more than the general friendship. Another example is "far parting":. .
According to the current general views of academics, "far parting" about as contained in the Tempo-second (AD 753) is at about Li Bai realizing the anti-shape Lushan has been absolutely shattered, while the Emperor issued the disastrous days of worry pity the world to make, is an extremely accurate political predictions. But when Li Bai in Qianyuan years (AD 759) and proximity to Lake above, the singing of the theme is "Chan is Chun-shan good, tiled Xiang water, Baling unlimited wine, drunk kill Dongting Autumn", and The emotion of this year, seems to have completely forgotten, introspective of the people.
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Reference literature.
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Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai's works are known for known for pretending to be more intractable, and left behind a huge confusion. This book of two of the most famous words of Li Bai ─ ─ "Pusa Man" and "Yiqin E" to start, gradually unveiling the works of Li Bai's shrouded in layers of fog, and thus solve a series of Chinese literary history a major mystery: one. In Li Bai's poems, hiding a large number of Emperor and Yang Yuhuan in the works, many of them after they Mawei Incident work. These works mainly refers to: 1. Most of Li Bai Ci; 2. "Palace merry word," "send away", "Yearning," and so on.. 3. Han River Island meet in August that year led to Xiangyang Kang Chu-yuan rebellion, this really is determined to exile in Japan too. Chao appointed Emperor of Japan Keqing value (Abe Nakamaro) to protect the ground cover as Annan Chuwang too true. Heng Tang Chao sent to make cooperation with Japan, so too so the first year in Spring east to Japan in March. 4. So really Chuwang the first year of operation in April led to Yangyang Zhang Wei Spring like rebellion, Emperor, who was finally brought to light the secret activities, thus leading to the first year of the Spring Palace in July Xiyuan change Suzong off into the reign Nishinomiya, Gao Lishi, Chenxuan Li, Waylon, who has been punished accordingly.
Chapter winding. .
Legend has it that the Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai's two terms, has been a history of Chinese literature major mystery. .
"Study on three pharynx, Qine West Side CHANGCHUN COMMUNIST. CHANGCHUN COMMUNIST annual Green is the Willow, Baling not hurt. Yueyou Yuan on clear autumn festival, Xianyang Road dust must sound. Sound dust extinction, westerly sunset glow, the house of Han Tomb Que . "─ ─" Yiqin E. " .
. Southern Song Dynasty poet Huang Sheng said: "Two hundred words of the ancestors on behalf of songwriters." Qing Dynasty scholar Wang Guowei, said: "Bai Sheng solely by weather, 'westerly sunset glow, the house of Han Tomb Que', then shut the mouth of boarding through the ages." Contemporary Cultural Studies scholars, said: "(Yiqin E) is an eternal farewell, never shook the hearts of the Chinese nation." Mr. Li Congjun that: "In" Yiqin E "and" Pusa Man "appears, is the word the history of a stunning miracle. It is the prominence of the peak, before and after is plain. "each comment is probably true. First ownership of copyright in the two word question, is the Ming Dynasty scholar Hu Ying-lin.. The so-called "Bai himself as to elegance, rustic Seven refused to law, rather crumbs do the word" argument is a speculative; ─ ─ between the words of Li Bai's poems and there are many organic links, since poetry is genuine, why would the word is a fake? ─ ─ Rebellion, the fall of Chang'an, Xuanzong Ben Shu, Tang dynasty on the brink of extinction. This should result in two words, "gas is also bad Sa" social background. Master the basic reason is that pseudo-faction: ─ ─ highly uncertain origin of the word. Not only the early "Hua Jian" not received even find editing Song Min Song, Zeng finishing "Li Bai poems," also did not.
"As noted above, the Lord really said that the main pseudo-benevolent see benevolence and the wise see wisdom, Jusong difficult decision. Poem of Li Bai valiant worthy hailed as 'the ancestor of EMI songwriters' it? The world are all waiting to see. However, this fear to be the new material found in it. "─ ─ Chapter Ted:" Summary of the Study of Li Bai word authenticity "(contained in the" knowledge library ─ ─ History of Classical Literature dynamic "Zhonghua Book Company in March 2093 the first edition.) .
The so-called "father of EMI lyrics", that is the art of Tang and Song Dynasty Kaishanzushi song. Given the history of Chinese art words, music, drama blood relationship between the three, which is actually tantamount to saying, Li Bai is a theater troupes. But generations of opera houses the world is another ancestral ─ ─ Emperor Li Longji. A throne, even sitting in the same age two, the matter had been called odd, and even the theatrical community of worship on the Tang Emperor Qin, Li Bai turned a deaf ear, the same is a gift, such a large difference in treatment, more It is incomprehensible. To this end, we might look to evaluation, Li Bai and Emperor, who also has served as "the ancestor of EMI lyrics" qualifications.
"And the reign and make bad course, superb previous generation, both long literature, re good at voice. The imperial music of" Purple Cloud Song "," Long live the music "," midnight music "," Beijing is also fun, "" Ling Po God, "" fragrant lychee "," A heap abuse "," Yue Ling Ling "," Good Spring "," Autumn High "and" one Gok Pearl, "" Ta Ge "and other words, this CD Biography" good time "for a Qu. Kabuki was chosen to sit the children of the Ministry of Education in the opera three hundred, the sound is wrong who will feel the emperor is the, number 'emperor pear disciples'. ... ... the next is very Shang Hao, Vocal Music Education, the world several times, scholar try to figure out atmosphere, compete in the new sound of the word Yuefu chapter, the more independent the previous generation. Ci of into, but also so care is also the beginning. ". .
. Shih, the disciples dispersed National Opera, in turn, led to widespread dissemination of the arts and further development. Thus, drama, music and lyrics Emperor of China's contribution to the arts, is indelible. Look at the case of Li Bai. True, he has an important history of Chinese literature, according to the status of his life created a lot of poetry. But that time, he was just a number of poets in the Tang, a member is not in the form of the number of outstanding creative place. According to legend, he had a lot of words for. "History lyrics," said:. .
In recent years, even more people that "Qingping tune" three is not made by Bai, Bai Ci is the nest, with no eggs will survive. Another view of Bai Tong life, habitat natural habitat is committed to save the world and the immortal Jinglun visit Road, in the literary creation is the "elegance himself as" Art of the lyrics was that the emerging "new sound" dismissive, almost impossible lyrics What is the aspect of innovation effort, official history and folklore data also do not have the records. In summary, the "father of EMI songwriter," the appellation, for the Emperor, it is well deserved, but is not necessarily suitable for the Li Bai.. If more than six as the standard to screen in the words of the ancients, then, no doubt Emperor necessarily selected. (The above six, mainly drawn from the 1984 book to see before and after a taste of the booklet on the Tang and Song Dynasty, when the cash-strapped because no time to buy, then not see an actually be quite as unfortunate. I note ) Bai's narrative poem "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", there is a description of the reign of exile in Xiu:. .
On the last sentence of this paragraph, "Ming Wong Miscellany" in the following record:. .
Fortunately, such a period of unofficial word on the left, otherwise, maybe we'll never know, "Yue Ling Ling" Cipai originally reign of the system, the more impossible to guess, "Night Rain" sentence hidden Cipai charades. Then, in "Night Rain" on the sentence together, "Moon palace sad color" in whether the reign of Cipai hidden it? The mood and Ciju sentence with "Yiqin E", "Pusa Man" have in common is the. Reign of the "CHANGCHUN COMMUNIST" deep feelings repeat itself! Five Wangde Yu notes novel "Kaiyuan Tianbao Heritage of" recorded "Moon Taiwan" story:. .
Literally it, this should be set on August 15 Tianbao fourth thing, because in November the same year, Rebellion broke out. This shows that the reign of the "August 15 CHANGCHUN COMMUNIST" nostalgia, never sub in the "Palace of Eternal Youth July 7, middle of the night when no one whispers." When he was two years later again at three p.m. on August in Chengdu, Here and now, a sense of sad things, his creative impulse when it is difficult to contain. Great literary works are often produced in the time of distress, "both long literature, complex good at voice," the Emperor, after a tragic turn after Ma Wei, already have to create as "Yiqin E" that all great works necessary conditions.
"Qingjiang Wanli Liu Jin Zhuo, Yun-Fan Long Ge in Yangzhou. Although the North boast Shanglin Parkland, Nanjing also Sanhua floor." ─ ─ "Shang Huang Nanjing West Patrol song." .
Academics generally believed that, "Gordon F Jincheng Scattering Flowers" is Li Bai, Yu Shu youth during the work. Current state of mind when Li Bai CASTLE, is "ahead in the bulk I worry," "above nine days tour", not "someone upstairs worry," "What is the way." This shows that "Pusa Man" is not made by Li Bai Shu Youth Tour. Fortunately, in the reign of Shu in Chengdu later renamed Nanjing, Sanhua building was turned into a palace. We can see from the two poems, see the upstairs Sanhua view is the "Spring around the double", "Qingjiang Wanli Liu." Here, "Qingjiang" refers to the mountains along the winding down Minshan the Minjiang River, after the split between Dujiangyan and Chengdu, the flow into the river, Pi River, Second River confluence of thousands of miles east of the bridge.
"Huanhuaxi water of the western end, the host for the Kipling secluded pond. Guoshao dust out what is known, sold off more Chengjiang worry." ─ ─ "Buju." .
"Back into the shade Imperata Guo Tong, Yuan Jiang Road, overlooking the green countryside cooked. Alder forest obstacle at Yin Blade, Dettol cage of bamboo shoot and smoke." ─ ─ "Tong Cheng." .
"City within a one hundred thousand, here two or three." ─ ─ "threshold of water removal heart." .
"Du Fu in the Tang Suzong Qianyuan two years (759) end of the year came to Chengdu, in the Baihua Tan north, thousands of miles build a cottage near the bridge business. ... ... To the second year in late spring, built a cottage. This poem is then made. Poetry the 'Cottage' as a theme, write the scene and settled mainly cottage cottage feel. Hall was built by Imperata back on city walls, near Jinjiang, located in the high ground along the road. from the thatched cottage overlooking the lush countryside scenery. first two sentences of poetry, outlines the background from the environment Cottage orientation. the middle of four of the King to write their own cottage ... ... 'alder forest obstacle Day', 'cage of bamboo and tobacco', the quiet cottage to write.
<堂成>Appreciation. " .
"Look East to spend a small town full of smoke, flowers tower more miserable. Who can open the wine contains golden, call taking beauty dance embroidery feast?" ─ ─ "spent seven quatrains River only solution to find the four." .
. So Lao Du to issue a "who" lament. Mr. Chang Tsung Yi according to research, since the scatter flowers in the Baihua Tan's east building, thousands of miles west of the bridge, and west of Du Fu's Thatched Cottage in the Baihua Tan, then the "Look East small city", the San Hua floor will inevitably come into view . Du Fu's "River only solution to find flowers," poems, Jincheng building falls to pieces at the specific location, providing another strong argument. On "Hirabayashi", from a biological point of view, when the trees reach a certain level of density of trees, in order to compete for limited resources, the sun, all the trees are required to attend "rising competition" and survival of the fittest.. Amused, this description more than a guest in Sichuan for the hands of foreign scholars, Chengdu local literati seldom write, this may be because they have inked a common but not from. It cited above we can see, in the southwest building falls to pieces and the whole South, when the existence of large tracts of dense jungle, forest scattered across the scattered people. Gordon falls to pieces when the sun sets Liao F, looking to the south, a thin veil of smoke, such as wearing a light mist, shrouded in misty Hirabayashi. Bitou Jinjiang as the clear ribbon, from a distance of Han Shan Piaoye come thousands of miles after the bridge knot, then meandering south journeyman.. What is the "supreme tolerance"? Sima phase as in the "adult Fu", the emperor described the tolerance is "super-existence without friends and alone." "Pusa Man" in the hero reside Que Wei, hovering hesitation, however solitary independent, defiant, there is indeed a "super-alone without a friend but kept" bearing. "Pusa Man," written in the evening, "Yiqin E" written in the morning, with the "Lord's day and night Love" is also appropriate to the corresponding. Xuanzong life created a lot of the lyrics, disciples of the court opera widely sung.
Qian exhibition ﹝ Zhan Zi Qian ﹞ ﹝ about 550 ~ 604 ﹞ Qian exhibition, Sui people, is representative of the Sui Dynasty painter. Qian exhibition of painted many murals, he is good at painting landscapes, castles, people. Six of his former style with the kind of "people more than mountains," the style is different from the proportion of people and mountains are more properly. His landscape painting is a must, not only coming out of the distance, but also among the carefully painted landscape scene, so he was like before the Tang Dynasty the four outstanding artists. .
? silk paper, ink and color, 43 x 80. .5 Cm. .
Spring Tour 1. . Jpg (4. .76 MB). .
2009-8-29 20:11. .
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Spring Tour 3. . Jpg (2. .36 MB). .
2009-8-29 20:14. .
Following the Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty landscape painting, the more rapid development to mature, and the formation of different styles of two schools. First, the early Tang generals Li Xun, Zhao Tao and his son as the representative of the "Green Landscape"; One is represented by Wang Wei Sheng Tang Wenchen "ink landscape." Ming Dong Qichang divided north and south of Zen Buddhism to metaphor Li Xun and Wang Wei, said Lee is the founder of the North were landscapes, and landscape will be the founder of Wang Wei as Sect. .
Fu Sheng granted by the map. .
Osaka Municipal Museum of Art, Japan. .
? ink and color on silk, 29. .4 X 481. .6 Cm. .
Yangtze snow Figure 1. . Jpg (2. .42 MB). .
2009-8-29 19:14. .
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Yangtze snow Figure 3. . Jpg (2. .2 MB). .
2009-8-29 19:16. .
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Yangtze snow Figure 5. . Jpg (2. .29 MB). .
2009-8-29 19:17. .
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Yangtze snow Figure 7. . Jpg (2. .26 MB). .
2009-8-29 19:18. .
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Fu Sheng granted by the map. . Jpg (4. .54 MB). .
2009-8-29 19:21. .
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2009-12-29 19: 22.
Snow Creek map. . Jpg (68. .86 KB). .
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2009-8-29 19:22. .
According to the white night map. .
紙-ink.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ﹝ New York ﹞, the United States. .
? ink on paper. .
Horses. . Jpg (3. .71 MB). .
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2009-8-29 19:40. .
Li Xun, Zhao Tao and his son in the history of Chinese painting, they are called as big, Mike General. They are good at using "green landscape" painting Diange tower. "Green Landscape" to outline for the law, fine pen, color to Shiqing, malachite green-based; sometimes in order to highlight key points, hook to powder, so that the screen produced the magnificent decorative effects, spectacular bright, neat and meticulous. National Palace Museum is in possession of Zhao Tao's "Spring Mountain Streams" and "Emperor Ming Xing Shu map" and Li Xun's "Sailing on pavilion map." .
Jiangfan/f-goods image.
Early. .
Jiang Fan Pavilion map. . Jpg (1. .46 MB). .
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2009-8-29 19:45. .
Zhou Fang ﹝ Zhou Fang ﹞. .
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? ink and color on silk, 46 x 180 cm. .
Piano Ladies. .
Nelson Art Museum, the United States. .
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2009-12-29 19: 49.
Piano Ladies 2. . Jpg (4. .69 MB). .
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2009-8-29 19:50. .
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Zhao Tao ﹝ Lee Chou Dou ﹞ Zhao Tao, Tang dynasty, birth and death unknown. Following the Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty landscape painting, the more vigorous development, mature, and the formation of different styles of two schools. First, the early Tang generals Li Xun, Zhao Tao and his son as the representative of the "Green Landscape"; One is represented by Wang Wei Sheng Tang Wenchen "ink landscape." Ming Dong Qichang divided north and south of Zen Buddhism to metaphor Li Xun and Wang Wei, said Lee is the founder of the North were landscapes, and landscape will be the founder of Wang Wei as Sect. .
Shu-Ming Huang Hsing map. .
絹 this * equipment color, 55.81 cm x .9.
National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. .
? pastel on paper, 34 x 44. .7 Cm. .
Spring Mountain Streams. . Jpg (1. .79 MB). .
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2009-8-29 19:54. .
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Han Huang ﹝ Han Huang ﹞ ﹝ 723 ~ 787 ﹞ Han Huang, word Taichong, is a famous painter in Tang Dynasty. Tian He specializes in custom painting, people, water buffalo. .
Blades Figure. .
National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. .
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2009-12-29 19: 57.
Blades Figure 1. . Jpg (1. .35 MB). .
2009-8-29 19:58. .
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This is a normal Pu Wei, because the pain can not stand the wind, it firmly rooted in the ground above. .
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King Songzi tu. .
Museum of Art, Osaka ﹝ Osaka ﹞, Japan. .
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安史之乱之时，沙陀族助唐军平叛有功，其首领朱邪骨咄之被肃宗拜为特进，晓卫上将军。由于西北唐军相继内调平叛，吐蕃乘虚而入，河西和陇右相继陷落。而安西，北庭两镇与唐隔绝。沙陀族与安西，北庭两镇相依三十余载，多次助唐军打退吐蕃的进攻。唐德宗，贞元6年，吐蕃攻陷北庭。沙陀族首领朱邪尽忠率部归降，朱邪尽忠被任吐蕃大论（将军）。由于沙陀族勇冠诸胡，所以吐蕃迁沙陀七千帐于甘州，作为对回纥作战的前锋。贞元13年，回纥攻陷凉州，大败吐蕃。对沙陀一贯疑忌的吐蕃怀疑此次失败乃沙陀与回纥勾结所致，决议将沙陀流放至河外（青海玉树吧，反正不是什么好地方）“沙陀举族愁恐”。朱邪尽忠与其子执宜谋，决议率部众“归于唐”。元和3年，朱邪尽忠与其子率沙陀族三万余依乌德建山东行，直奔灵州振武军而去。沙陀族转战千余里，边走边战，首领朱邪尽忠战死，朱邪执宜受创，部众损失殆尽。到达灵州城下时，仅余控弦之士二千，战马七百。此时唐振武军节度使范希朝乃当世名将，积极招纳蕃民部落，“人皆比之赵充国”。范希朝将他们安置在盐州，置阴山府，以朱邪执宜为阴山府兵马使。同年朱邪执宜入朝长安，宪宗亲自接见，授特进，金吾卫上将军，赏赐无数。范希朝还为沙陀提供牛羊，让其修养生息。损失是惨重的，但选择却是极为正确的。元和4年，范希朝转任河东节度使，沙陀举族从之。范希朝精选铁骑一千二百人，号“沙陀军”，由其亲率。尔朱执宜率部驻神武川，号“阴山北沙陀”，其余部众安置于定襄川。进入河东的沙陀族发展极快，以至于唐要设立十府来安置他们。沙陀族进入河东，可以说是相当关键的一步，促进其进一步发展，为其日后叱咤风云打下坚实的基础（想想五胡时代，历史的轮回吧）。
进入河东之后，由于沙陀族的勇猛善战，深受唐的器重，积极的参与到晚唐时期的历史舞台的表演之中。沙陀族的主要活动表现在三个方面，一参与藩镇战争，元和5年，沙陀军随范希朝讨成德镇王承宗，木沟刀一战朱邪执宜率700骑为前锋，横贯敌阵，所向披靡，朱邪执宜论功授为蔚州刺史；元和9年，又随忠武节度使李光颜讨淮西吴元济，朱邪执宜因功被授于校检刑部尚书；会昌3年，随军讨泽潞镇。二守卫西北边疆，防御回鹘，吐蕃，党项等部的进攻。第三个方面也是最主要的，参与镇压农民起义。懿宗咸通9年，沙陀首领朱邪赤心率3000骑兵参与镇压庞勋起义，屡立战功。咸通11年正月，朱邪赤心被懿宗赐姓李，名国昌，预郑王属籍，授校检工部尚书，左金吾卫上将军，单于大都护，振武军节度使，赐宅于长安亲仁里（终于成为一线演员了）。从此以后沙陀一族也从其首领用李姓。
李国昌之子李克用，时年15，随父参与镇压庞勋起义。“摧锋陷阵，出诸将之右，军中目为飞虎子”，因其一目微眇，故号为独眼龙（这个词是褒义吗）。李国昌父子成为一方节度之后，好的没学，晚唐藩镇的骄横的脾气倒是全部吸收。咸通12年12月，李克用杀云州防御使段文楚，李国昌父子据州以叛，为患代北诸军。僖宗广明元年7月，北面招讨使李琢会同卢龙军节度使李可举、云州防御使赫连鐸共击沙陀，克用与可举相拒于雄武军。其叔父友金以蔚、朔州降于琢，克用闻之，遽还。可举追至药兒岭，大败之，琢军夹击，又败之于蔚州。沙陀大溃，克用父子只好依附阴山下的鞑靼族。赫连鐸暗中贿赂鞑靼首领，欲置其于死地，虽然不曾下手，不过这寄人篱下的滋味李克用终身难忘。而这时的黄巢起义给了他一个东山再起的机会。广明元年黄巢攻入长安，中和2年，唐朝授李克用雁门节度使加东北面行营都统衔，讨贼赎罪。李克用率沙陀骑兵一万七千号“鸦儿军”（黑衣）入关中镇压起义。中和3年2月，于梁田陂大败义军，4月攻入长安，义军力战不胜而走（骑兵万岁）。当时，李克用“破黄巢，复长安，攻第一，兵势最强，诸镇皆畏之”，后右迁为河东节度使（龙兴之地）。时年李克用28岁，为诸将中最为年少者（青春无敌啊）。
以李克用为首的沙陀军事贵族得到了素称富饶，地形险要的河东之后，实力大增。河东乃四塞之地，东阻太行，常山；西有蒙山；南有霍太山，高壁岭；北据云中雁门。唐至五代，得河东者得天下。李克用又趁势兼并昭义镇，实力为诸镇所不及。在晚唐的最后三十余载，李克用以“勤王讨逆”为号召，四处征讨，成为与朱温对抗的割据群雄的领袖。说到这对冤家，就不能不提“上源驿”。中和4年，黄巢久攻陈州不下，撤围向东，逼进汴州，朱温自知不敌，乞援于李克用。李克用亲率大军赴援，大败黄巢。朱温看得比较远，已看出李克用实力雄厚，必是自己最强劲的对手，所以表明卑躬屈节，甘言奉承；实则暗藏杀机。朱温于汴州上源驿设宴款待李克用，席间朱温对李克用恭维备至。而此时的李克用年少气盛，骄横异常，酒醉后出言不逊。朱温老兄流氓出身，索性提前下手，于当晚命其部将杨彦洪率兵包围上源驿，并在驿站外联车为栅，堵住街道。然后四面纵火，欲除之而后快。李克用在亲信拼命保护下（应该都是义子吧），仓惶逃出，大难不死，监军宦官陈景思以下亲兵三百人全部被杀。从此，双方开始半个世纪的对决，当然仇恨都波及到了下一代。
李克用所部大多是以沙陀族为主的蕃兵胡将，凶悍善战。李存孝，李嗣昭，李嗣源，周德威等其帐下大将均勇冠三军，因此晋军兵锋所向，无不降伏，就连朱温也率遭败绩。然而李克用自恃强盛，四面出击，虽掠地无数，却制御乏术，军纪不整，所并之地难以巩固，已降服藩镇又往往叛离，形式相当被动。别人劝其整顿军纪，此公说：“此辈从吾攻战数十年，比者帑藏空虚，诸军卖马以自给。今四方诸侯皆重赏以募士，我若急之，则彼皆散去矣，吾安与同保此乎！俟天下稍平，当更清治之耳。”（听着好熟啊，跟神武帝高欢倒是知己）然军纪如此败坏，如果治国平天下。李克用御下无术，猛将李存孝之死就是一个例证。李克用军事力量的强盛，其中一个很重要的原因就是义儿军制，即收养骁勇善战的猛将为义子，由他们统军出战。上源驿事件中拼死保护李克用杀出汴州城的卫士中，大多是他的义儿，《新五代史》中还专门立有义儿传。原名安思敬的李存孝就是李克用十几个义子中最为勇猛的一员，在后世传说的五代故事中，更把他描绘成勇冠三军、威猛绝伦的传奇人物。然而，由于李克用赏罚不公、听信谗言，这员猛将被迫造反。身陷孤城的李存孝自缚出降后，被极爱颜面的李克用车裂于晋阳，他的墓至今仍在太原西山风峪沟内。“存孝骁勇，克用军中皆莫及；常将骑兵为先锋，所向无敌，身被重铠，腰弓髀槊，独舞铁楇陷陈，万人辟易。每以二马自随，马稍乏，就阵中易之，出入如飞”李克用自去羽翼，又不能识人，自树仇敌，尤以扶持李罕之，刘仁恭最为失策，其死不得瞑目。晋，梁两镇争霸中原二十余载，由于自身的失策，李克用由强转弱，而朱温则逐步变强，先后两围太原城，逼得李克用几乎北逃云州（不过上次的经历太惨了，所以还是没去）。
公元907年，朱温废唐昭宣帝，自立为帝，国号梁，建元开平。朱温老兄沉不住气，将自己"踞于炉火之上"（不过本朝太祖倒是说朱温老弟比曹操相比，狡猾过之）。李克用则相当明智继续打着效忠唐的旗号（他好歹也是唐的宗室亲王），收到了十分理想的效果（这一招不知刘邦申请专利没有），梁大将昭义节度使丁会宣称效忠唐室，举军归降河东，李克用复得潞州。后梁开平元年五月十六日，朱温传登基后传下第一道用兵诏令即命康怀贞为潞州行营都通，率八万大军攻潞州。由于晋昭义军节度使李嗣昭的顽强抵抗，直至八月梁军仍是无所建树。朱温盛怒之下，命李思安代康怀贞为行营都统。李思安于潞州城外修筑内外两重壕沟，城垒，内层壕垒用于围困潞州城，外层防御晋之援军，号“夹寨”。李克用于次年正月头部疽发而死，死前传位于其子李存勖，以三矢赐其而告之曰："梁，吾仇也，燕王吾所立，契丹与吾约为兄弟，而皆背晋以归梁。此三者，吾遗恨也。与尔三矢，尔其无忘乃父之志！"
李存勖小字“亚子”，五岁时从李克用狩猎于三垂岗，岗上有玄宗祠堂一座，克用便置酒祭祀。随行伶人奏《百年歌》（西晋诗人陆机的组诗，共十首，每十岁为一首，唱人一生从幼到老的景况与悲欢），唱至衰老之际，声甚悲，座上皆凄怆。克用慨然捋须，指李存勖笑曰：‘吾行老矣，此奇儿也，后二十年，其能代我战于此乎！’（他喝的是什么酒啊，这么神）。李存勗自幼随父征战，十一岁时从克用破静难军节度使王行瑜，遣李存勗献捷于避难于南山的唐昭宗。昭宗见其相貌不凡，抚其背曰：‘儿有奇表，后当富贵’，赐以鸂鶒卮、翡翠盘，又对李克用说道“此儿可亚其父”，故字“亚子”。史载李存勖习《春秋》，通大义，洞晓音律，教习军士唱其所写之曲，战时，人忘其死（军歌嘹亮啊）。不过这位公子也好斗鸡，有名的“斗鸡小儿”。
李存勖刚一即位，就挫败其叔李克宁的反叛，除去内患。他亲率大军，疾驰六日，进抵三垂冈。他感叹道：“此先王置酒处也！”（ 說也快啊，說也慢啊，說也二十年過了，是老天爺突然睡醒了還是命?#092;的編劇換了人做）随即将全军隐蔽集结，梁军毫无察觉。次日晨，天下大雾，李存勗借大雾的掩护，挥师前进，直捣梁军“夹寨”。此时梁军尚在梦中，仓促不及应战，被晋军斩首万余级，余众向南奔逃，投戈弃甲，填塞道路。符道昭等将官300人被俘，只有康怀英等百余骑出天井关（一名太行关）逃归。当身穿孝服的李存勖出现在被围困一 (很可惜，原文此处出现了乱码-------转贴者注)
Rebellion when Shatuo active rebel group to help Tang Junping, the leader of Chu was Suzong evil bone duh Special thanks to Jin, Xiao-Wei on the general. Tang Jun, have been transferred within the Northwest counter-insurgency, the Tibetan take advantage of the west and the Eastern Long have fallen. The Anxi, Beiting isolated two towns and Tang. Shatuo family and Anxi, Beiting three more than ten years the two towns dependent on many occasions to help beat back Tibetan Tangjun attack. Dezong, Sadamoto 6 years, fell to the north Tibetan court. Shatuo loyal group leader led his troops Guixiang Zhu evil, evil loyal Zhu was appointed major of Tibet (General). As Shatuo Yong Guan Zhu Hu family, so moving Shatuo seven thousand Tibetan accounts in Ganzhou, as Uighur operations forward. Sadamoto 13 years on Uighur captured Liangzhou, defeated the Tibetan.. Loss is heavy, but the choice is very correct. Dollars and 4 years, Fan Xizhou east toward the transfer Jiedushi, Shatuo move from the family. Fan Xizhou thousand two hundred cavalry towards the selected person, number "Shatuo Army", by personally led. Er Zhu Yi led his troops in the implementation Wuchuan God, No. "Yinshan North Shatuo" and the rest placed in Dingxiang River Tribes. Family development east of the Shatuo into fast, so that the government of Tang to set up ten to rehouse them. Shatuo family into the east, can be quite critical step to promote its further development and to lay a solid foundation for future all-powerful (think Wuhu age, history of recurrent right). .
. Yizong Xiantong 9 years, Zhu evil Chixin rate Shatuo leaders involved in suppression of Pang Xun Cavalry 3000 uprising, and fail to establish military exploits. Xiantong 11 years of the first month, Zhu evil Chi Xin Yi Zong surname was Lee, junior Chang, pre-Zheng Wang is a national, award checksum minister of works, left Kingo on the general health, Chanyu most protection, Zhenwu military Jiedushi, give parents house in Chang'an Renli (actor finally become first-line). Since then its leaders can use Shatuo family surnamed Li. .
. Children can give chase drug Ridge, defeated it, cut the military attack, and defeat of the luxuriant state. Shatuo large ulcer, grams of attachment with the father and son had to under the Tatar Yin. Helian priest secretly bribe Tatar leaders, Yu Zhi their kill, although did not start, but it used to depend on others will never forget the taste of Rick. The time of the Huang Chao Uprising gave him a chance to make a comeback. Kwong Ming scored the first year of Huang Chao Chang, and in 2 years, Rick Tang granted by the north-east line Yanmen Jiedushi battalions plus the title system, Route Expeditionary atonement. Rick with the rate of Shatuo number seventeen thousand cavalry, "the military crow children" (black) entry in the suppression of the uprising. And in 3 years and 2 months, Tian Pei Liang defeated in the Rebel, April scored Chang, Rebel forces fighting victorious and walk (cavalry Viva)
Rick used by the military elite, led by the prime Shatuo said the rich, strategically located and difficult terrain in the east, the power surge. The land east of the river is four plug the east line of resistance too, Changshan; west Meng; south Fok Tai Shan, the high wall Ridge; North, according to Yun Zhongyan door. Tang to Five Dynasties, was east of the river who in the world. Rick M Akiyoshi useful and taking advantage of the town, the less strength Zhuzhen. Late last three in more than ten years, Rick for "loyalist Tao Ni" for the call, around crusade, as Zhu Wen confrontation with the separatist leaders of the pack. Speaking of this enemy, and to mention "the source Station." And in 4 years, Huang Chao Chen Jiugong no less than the state, withdrew around the east, closing in Bianzhou, Zhu Wen knew losing, Rick Qiyuan in use.. .
. "(Listen very familiar, ah, with the God Emperor Gao Huan'd friend) then discipline is so corrupt, if the rule the world. Rick, the next with no surgery Yu, Reggie Transformation by death is an example. Rick's strong use of military force One very important reason is that the military justice system of children, the adoption of brave and skilled home here for the adopted son, played by their military system. relay event on the source Rick desperate to protect the city with a blaze Bianzhou defender, the most His righteous children, "New History of the Five" has established a special meaning in the child pass. formerly Ansi Jing's Transformation by Rick was the adopted son with a dozen of the most courageous one, in the later story of the legend of the Five Dynasties, but the Guan Yong He described the three services, the overwhelming exquisite legend.. .
. As Jinzhao Yi Jun Li Sizhao Jiedushi strong resistance until August Liang Jun still has not done. Zhu Wen anger, life as a line of business Kanghuai Zhen Li Sian on behalf of all systems. Li Sian built outside the city and outside in Luzhou double ditch, the City base, the inner trench barrier for the siege of Luzhou City, the outer defense Jin reinforcements, No. "folder Village." Rick made for the following year and died the first month the head gangrene, died at his son Li Cunxu pass to give the three divisions of Vector said: "beam, my enemies are, Yan Wangwu by the legislature, Khitan and I was about brothers and Jin to go all the back beam. these three, I grudge also. Mitsuya and Seoul, Seoul without forgetting his father his ambition!. " .
. History contains Licun Xu Xi, "Spring", through cause, Dong Xiao temperament, Teachers and non-commissioned officer to sing the song of its written, wartime, people forget that his death (Song of loud ah). But the son of Ye Hao cock-fighting, the famous "cock-fighting children." .
Li Xu-Cheng's just a story of survival, to thwart their uncle Li Ning's rebel, dropping from within. His parents rate armies, IE 6, into three vertical Okazaki on arrival. He sighed: "the Kings place wine Department!" (say it fast or slow, said, Ah, said it was twenty years after, is God Ye suddenly awoke or fate? # 092; REF. Opera versions of people do) forthwith all hidden build-up, Liang Jun silently. Early morning fog, world time, Lee kept 勗 borrow fog cover, went forward, directly during a clip fortress "thank you!". At this point is still a dream Liang Jun the rushed and challenge, jinjun beheaded million level, people flee to the South, GE Qijia, fill in the road.. When wearing mourning the Licun Xu siege in one (Unfortunately, the text appears garbled ------- Links here who note). .
李存勖又进一步整顿内政，"命州县举贤才，黜贪残，宽租赋，抚孤穷，伸冤滥，禁奸盗，境内大治。以河东地狭兵少，乃训练士卒，令骑兵不见敌无得乘马。部分已定，无得相逾越，及留绝以避险；分道并进，期会无得差晷刻。犯者必斩"，力整军纪，把原来散漫的沙陀骑兵整顿为一支军纪严明的劲旅。
公元913年（梁乾化3年），晋军攻破号称拥甲三十万的幽州，用白绢捆缚着刘仁恭、刘守光父子高奏凯歌回到晋阳，献俘于家庙。处斩了僭称燕国皇帝的刘守光后，又将刘仁恭押至代州，在李克用墓前处斩。李存勖与后梁的争战前后持续十五年，其间，李存勖率领晋军多次获胜，如柏乡之战、杨刘之战、胡柳陂之战、德胜之战。晋军虽屡败梁军，但本身也损失不小，其中以名将周德威之死最为重大。契丹又时时袭扰，牵制后方，晋军始终无法打开局面，与梁军形成胶着状态。但此时的梁已经分崩离析，祸起萧墙之内，灭亡指日可待。公元923年，李存勖称帝于魏州，复唐之国柞，建元同光，是为“后唐”。同年，唐梁双方夹河苦战，梁将段凝决黄河以阻唐军。而此时，李继韬举潞州降后梁，又配合梁军攻下泽州，断绝唐军归路；梁军又攻成德镇，拊唐军后背。李存勖替听从郭崇韬，李嗣源之谋，决议进取。以李嗣源为前锋，于杨刘渡河，直取汴梁，自领大军继后。唐军以轻骑日夜兼程，直抵汴梁城下，此时的汴梁城仅有控鹤军四千余人，梁末帝自杀，梁灭。李存勖迁都于洛阳，一年后又灭前蜀，俨然唐室中兴之君。
但是这位马上得天下的沙陀贵族，在成为皇帝之后所作所为可以说是不堪入目。欧阳修在其脍炙人口的《五代史伶官传论》作了详尽的分析。他的勃兴可以说“何其壮也”，他的堕落可说是“何其衰也”。事物转化是如此之快，李存勖还来不及回味创业的艰辛和成功的喜悦，就由一个喜剧中的胜利者变成了悲剧中的失败者，由一个叱咤风云的英雄变成了众叛亲离的独夫。李存勖宠信伶官，冷落了助其夺天下的将士。先是杀死郭崇韬，又囚禁皇弟存乂，导致了沙陀军事贵族集团矛盾的激化，奉命讨伐的李嗣源在乱兵的拥戴和女婿石敬瑭的劝说下，回师攻入汴梁。决定御驾亲征的李存勖命令大军在洛阳城外准备出发，正当他在皇宫中用早膳的时候，一向将郭崇韬视为叔父的伶人郭从谦在城中发动兵变，皇宫中的禁卫军大多逃散，只有李存审之子李彦卿和太原人王全斌、何福进等十余人跟从。李存勖在与乱军的混战中被流箭射中，扶到绛霄殿后死去，时年四十二岁，近卫们伏尸痛哭后陆续离去，一个叫善友的伶人收拾来一些乐器覆盖在李存勖身上将他化。
李嗣源则成了沙陀的新首领，继位为帝，建元天成，庙号明宗。在其的授意下，李氏家族除了住在晋阳的邕王李存美因为半身不遂免于一死外，其余的幸存者几乎全部被安重诲等人杀尽（无毒不丈夫啊）。
李嗣源沙陀人，小名忽邈佶，不识文字。其父李霓为李国昌（李克用之父）爱将，其13岁时为李国昌帐下亲兵，因善骑射被选为李克用帐下小校，以骁勇为李克用所赏识，被李克用抚为义子，赐名李嗣源。17岁时，随李克用援宣武。上源驿之变，拼死救出李克用。后升为副将，从大将李存信征讨，所向无敌，甚得军心。后为横冲都指挥使，李克用以所属五百骑赐予其帐下，号“横冲都”，两河间号李嗣源为李横冲，其名言：“公辈以口击贼，吾以手击贼”（豪杰啊）。李嗣源于青山口一役大败名将葛丛周所部大军，四中流矢，血流被股，扼守住晋军入山东之重要通道——青山口，“名闻天下”。在唐与梁的生死决战中，李嗣源建策直捣汴梁，并率军为前锋，先入开封。唐庄宗李存勖嘉其曰：“吾有天下，由公之血战也，当与公共之”，进位为中书令，太尉，兼领蕃汉总管，为禁军统帅。邺都兵变虽不是有预谋的兵变立帝，但其结果却使骄兵益盛为祸益烈，为后唐灭亡埋下了祸根。在李嗣源在位的八年间，比较注意与民休息，史称“年谷屡丰，兵革罕用，校于五代，粗为小康”。然所用之人均非大才，《旧五代史》评其“君亲可辅，臣子非才”是颇为中肯的。晚年患病之时，变起仓猝，祸生肘腋，身膺天下大元帅、守尚书今兼侍中的次子秦王李从荣，妄图夺取帝位，率兵攻打宫门，列陈于天津桥。虽然禁卫亲军奋勇抵御并杀死了李从荣，但他终因受惊、愧恨交加而很快死去。其死后两年后唐即在叛乱中宣告灭亡。
一.后宫的地位
习惯上,描写后宫的情况都会用"后宫佳丽三千人"这句话来代表. 但实际上,三千不过是个虚数,唐朝的后宫就多达数万名美女. 唐朝后宫女性的地位: *皇后. *夫人:贵妃,淑妃,德妃,贤妃(以上正一品) *九嫔:昭仪,昭容,昭媛,修仪,修容,修媛,充仪,充容,充媛(以上正二品) *二十七世妇:婕妤九人(正三品),美人九人(正四品),才人九人(正五品) *八十一御妻:宝林二十七人(正六品),御女二十七人(正七品),彩女二十七人(正八品) 正一品相当于宰相高位.这些有地位的嫔妃,当然还有许多随侍的女官,宫女,针黹妇,杂役等,加上负责后宫炊事用度的宫女,数目非常庞大.另外还有一些女人做不来的繁难工作,则由担任下述职务的宦官负责. *掖庭局:掌握后宫簿籍. *宫闱局:相当于宫廷秘书,有掌扇,给使等属僚. *奚宫局:掌疾病死亡. *内仆局:掌灯烛调度. *内宫局:掌会计,仓库及出纳. 各局都置有令,丞主其事.除这五局之外,另有掌管宫内太监的机构,它的名称及人数随时代而异,唐朝称为内侍省,设有内侍(长官)四人,内常侍六人,内谒者监六人,内给事八人,谒者十二人,典引十八人,寺伯二人及寺人二人.以上也均为宦官.
二.侍寝的顺序
唐朝定有陪侍御寝的一定顺序,按照月圆月缺来定.每月的前十五日为渐满,后十五日为渐缺,所以从初一到十五就由地位低的轮到高的,十六到月底前则反由地位高的轮到低的. 皇后及三夫人有优先权,九嫔以下则"九九而御",即每九个人共同承恩一夜. 详细一点来说,初一到初九是八十一御妻每九人共享一夜,初十到十二是二十七世妇每九人共享一夜,十三是九嫔,十四是三夫人,十五就是皇后独享,同样,十六也是皇后独享,十七是三夫人,十八是九嫔,十九到二十一是二十七世妇每九人共享一夜,二十二到三十则是八十一御妻每九人共享一夜. 整体来说,皇后两夜,三夫人两夜,世妇六夜,御妻十八夜,对嫔妃而言是公平的分配,然而对于天子来说,既不能自由选则,又要一次应付好多个,实在不算愉快的事. 虽然后宫嫔妃入侍寝宫的规定明明白白,但因为嫔妃数目众多,不时有人身体不适或月事到来,所以选择每一夜的当班人很烦杂费事,易起弊端,因此宫内多半设置"女史",专管嫔妃入侍寝宫的顺序.
中国古代的帝王具有至高无上的权威，这种权威体现在各个方面，其中之一就是女性的大量占有，皇帝享有「三宫六院八妃九嫔七十二御妻」；并有大量侍妾作为后妃的补充，这些女子称为宫女或宫人。她们要随时为皇帝提供兴之所至的淫乐。由于历代的后妃制度不一，帝王所拥有的异性多寡不尽相同。但可以肯定地说中国古代宫廷中为帝王们占有的女性数量之多，在世界上也是绝无仅有的，而且历代有增无减，呈递增之势。 历代帝王后宫中这数以百计、千计乃至万计的妃嫔和宫女是怎样入宫的呢？史书上记载，她们最初来自征战，战败国的女俘成为战胜一方帝王的嫔妃和宫女。《易经》上有「匪寇婚媾」之语，说明远古时期的婚媾手段与匪寇之争并无大异。《晋书》上载「昔夏桀伐有施，有施人以妹喜女焉；殷辛（殷纣王）伐有苏，有苏人以妲己女焉。」妹喜和妲己是有名的美人，都是因讨伐有施和有苏而获得的，西周末的君主幽王姬宫涅，出兵攻打褒国（今陕西汉中地区褒城一带），褒国战败，献上美女褒姒，周幽王才肯罢兵。
春秋以降，随着奴隶制度逐步瓦解，帝王后宫中的异性来源主要有：一是友邦的馈赠。如晋文公重耳逃亡到秦国，秦穆公把已嫁给晋太子为妻的亲生女改嫁给重耳，还先后送给重耳五个美女，帮助重耳回晋国杀怀公。秦穆公的所为是想利用重耳控制晋国。战国时代，美女被作为礼物在君王之间相互赠送，更是司空见惯。二是臣下进献。战国末期，七雄并立。秦国为取信于赵国，秦孝文王将夏姬所生之子异人（后更名子楚）作为人质送往赵国的国都邯郸，于是便发生了大商人吕不韦献姬谋政的故事。（也是「奇货可居」这一成语的来源）。秦汉时，是从民间选良家子入宫服役开始的，绝大多数的宫女，是被王朝强权挑选入宫的。
东汉时，每年八月，宫中派中大夫、掖庭丞内廷官偕同精通相术的人员，一起到京都洛阳乡中，挑选良家子。挑选的标准是，年龄在十三岁以上，二十岁以下，姿色秀丽、容貌端庄、面相合乎相法者。选中者当即坐上车，加载宫中。
魏晋南北朝时，史书记载十六国后赵皇帝石虎，劫夺民间妇女三万置后宫。石虎的儿子太子石宣和诸公也仿效石虎的选美，也有美女一万之众。
石虎对十二位选美使者因选美有功封为列侯。石虎选美采用极为残忍的手段，杀夫、夺妻，被逼得愤而自尽者，前后有三千之众。荆、楚、徐、扬为之一空。「百姓有美女……求之不得，便诬以犯罪，死者百余家，海岱、河济间人无宁日。」晋武帝司马炎灭吴以后，将吴主孙皓后宫数千人、掖庭数万美女纳为己有。隋炀帝杨广败南陈时，听说陈后主的宠妃张丽华有倾国之貌，攻入建康（今南京市）之际急命臣下高熲留下张丽华，但高熲没有听令，将张丽华斩首，杨广愤恨不已，耿耿于怀。唐玄宗时，每年派遣使臣到全国各地挑选美女，充实后宫。被派遣者称之为「花鸟使」。后宫美女之数竟达四万有余，创下了历史最高纪录。宋代的宋白写有这样一首《宫词》：「春宵宫女http://kaiyuanshengshi.5d6d.com/
喜欢唐玄宗的朋友可以多发帖http://www.tanghistory.com/bbs/index.php
井真成墓志(局部)，志文首句为：“赠尚衣奉御井府君墓志之铭”。
西安东郊2004年出土了日本遣唐使井真成墓志，此文物当时在日本引起轰动——因为这是第一次出现“日本”国号记载的古代实物记载。日本国家研究基地专修大学特设研究项目对井真成墓志进行研究，三年来发表论文集数部，其中所有的论文都立足于井真成是留学唐朝的学生。不过，复旦大学历史系教授韩昇去年底的一项研究成果推翻了日本学界三年的努力——即井真成是遣唐使团的外交官员而不是留学生，韩昇教授昨天在接受早报记者专访时表示，通过进一步研究，他认为这一墓志恰巧力证了日本长期处于唐朝主导的东亚体系之中，而不是游离于体系之外。日前《朝日新闻》也用专版介绍了韩昇教授的研究成果。
日本学者的相关著作
日本：井真成是留唐19年留学生？
唐朝时期，日本有近200年的时间里不定时向唐朝派遣遣唐使，但从来没有任何实物证据。井真成墓志的出土填补了这一历史发现空白，而且在墓志中首次出现了“日本”国号，这令当时的日本学界非常震动。一度被冷落的隋唐史特别是遣唐使研究，再次热起来。据韩昇教授介绍，井真成墓志实存162字，记述很简单，能够提供的有用历史信息非常有限。墓志石约40厘米方形，厚10厘米，石面刻有行格共16行，本应有171字，缺损9字。志文首句为：“赠尚衣奉御井府君墓志之铭”。
三年来，日本专修大学召集了全日本最优秀的学者对“井真成墓志”进行研究，举行了数场国际研讨会并发表多部论文集。根据日本学界的权威结果，井真成系717年随使团来到唐朝的留学生，734年1月在长安去世，卒年34岁，在当时的唐朝官学留学19年但未毕业，朝廷追封他为尚衣奉御（五品下）。日本学界对井真成墓志的研究全部建立在这个结论基础上。
中国：他是遣唐使团使节官员？
不过这一研究从开始可能就错了。去年在日本做访问学者的复旦大学历史系教授韩昇因做报告需要也对井真成墓志进行了研究，他得出了与日本同行完全相反的观点。“井真成是遣唐使团的外交官员而不是留学生，他是733年才来到唐朝而不是717年”，“从墓志得出的衍生研究结论是，当时日本政治制度从律令到具体文书细节都完全翻版于当时的唐朝，而不是游离于唐朝主导的东亚体系之外。” 韩昇教授在接受早报记者专访时说。
此前，“日本长期处于唐朝主导的东亚体系之外”一直是日本汉学研究的一个热点话题。
“根据唐朝的中央官学制度，来自东亚的留学生求学都有规范和年限规定，最长不超过9年，而且必须参加考试。从学制上看，井真成在唐朝留学19年而且不参加科考，这种情况不符合唐朝学制。留学生在当时不可能任意无业滞留。而使节也不可能在唐朝长期居住达19年。” 韩昇随即推断井真成来唐朝时间应该晚于717年，所以应该是第十次遣唐使团即733年。该使团于733年8月到达苏州，随即前往长安朝贡。不过在这一年年底，长安闹饥荒，当使团到达长安的时候，朝廷暂时迁往了洛阳。井真成死于“开元廿二年正月，葬于二月四日”，而使团前往洛阳是二月八日，在时间上也完全吻合，“这也解释了井真成墓志规格比宫女都小，随便拿了一块墓志就书写，内容简单的原因，因为时间非常匆忙。”韩昇说。
结论：官阶有对应关系 制度体系模仿唐朝
墓志上井真成被赠官五品下，所以井真成应该是第十次遣唐使团中的一位中高级官员，“井真成获得五品下赠官，表明他必须是当时使团中第三等级以上官员，从他获得的赠官等级看不可能是第一第二等的大事或副史，只可能是第三等级的判官。”“应该是一位准判官。”韩昇教授说，根据《续日本纪》记载，733年派出的第十次遣唐使团共590多人，四位判官都有名录，但井真成不属于四人之一，而当时的遣唐使团还会设有判官副手即准判官，井真成应该是其中之一。而他死后，按照判官等级获得赠官。
而从井真成获赠五品下官出发，韩昇作出的延伸研究得出，从遣唐使在日本和唐朝获得的官阶看，两者之间存在着对应关系，“跟井真成一起来唐的判官回到日本后都获得了相当于五品下官阶，可知他们在唐获得官阶在日本是得到承认的”，也可以看出，唐朝的职官制度对日本产生了相当大的影响。这一对应关系同样适用于当时的其他东亚国家，“这也说明当时的东亚国家包括日本是完全纳入到唐朝制度体系中的，而日本官制也同样是模仿唐朝而设，其他比如律令、行政细则莫不如此。这也反驳了这些年日本学界兴起的日本游离于唐朝主导的东亚体系之外的观点。”韩昇说。
根据《朝日新闻》的报道，尽管韩昇关于井真成墓志的研究全盘否定了日本学界几年的努力，但这一结论也已得到日本学界的认可。韩昇教授说：“日本学者常说，日本人研究中国史不输于中国学者，但日本汉学这几年衰弱得厉害。”
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武则天有一种内在的力量。就拿她和慈禧相比。对时局的把握，从政的能力，她发挥出来了，就会对历史有一个相对正面的影响；而慈禧发挥出来了，恰恰对历史进程有一个相对负面的影响。
“有朋友问我，你看到‘百家讲坛’在讲武则天么？我说是哪位专家学者，能驾驭这么厚重的历史、那么大的一个风云人物？肯定是一个白发苍苍的老学者。没想到打开电视一看，一个小女孩。个子跟我差不多，嘴皮子倒挺快，挺机灵。”央视主持人阿丘是这么描述蒙曼的。
喜欢她讲座的人，自是喜欢；不喜欢的，说是“小学生在背课文”，“有时候有卖弄文采之嫌”。
“还说我右手爱乱比划，爱乱抓。说我第一次上镜头，怎么穿件灰西装。”蒙曼一边笑着一边抬起手，演示了一把。
讲坛上，一千三百年前那位传奇女皇的叱咤风云，透过她的铿锵之声，浮现在观众面前。
“民间有个说法，武则天对猫十分惧怕，宫中从来不养猫，因为猫是萧淑妃变的，她害怕猫会去掐她的脖子……又说她整天做噩梦，多次看见王皇后和萧淑妃的鬼魂披头散发，不敢继续住在太极宫，后来搬到大明宫，再后来吓得连长安都不敢住了。这两个说法，其实都是史书作者的一厢情愿。武则天的心理远比他们想象的坚强，她还是继续养猫的。”
蒙曼也养猫，被朋友称为“猫样的女子”。
她有洁癖：早上挤地铁，前面女白领发梢飘来的“油脂气”，让她断定对方三天未曾清洗；身后男士大啃“煎饼果子 ”，也让她过敏。
她喜欢收养流浪在外、脏兮兮的野猫，“现在屋里还有三只”。
小时候，不爱数理化，偏爱文史。“家里有套《红楼梦》锁在柜子里，我偷出来，看得津津有味。”
10年前，她在洛阳龙门石窟第一次瞻仰卢舍那大佛。“佛的庄严与慈悲让我受到深深的震撼。”据说，这尊佛是按武则天的形象塑造的。
“百家讲坛”之前，她讲过三次武则天，一次是大学答辩，一次是研究论文，一次是在教学课堂上。
“探讨武则天的命运，也是探讨我们自身的命运。人性的共通之处，使人很容易在古人身上，找到自己现实生活中的影子。”
并非女强人那么简单
人物周刊：你认为你这次讲武则天，与别的专家学者相比，不同之处在哪里？
蒙曼：我是带着问题在讲。一开始我就突出三个问题：她为什么能当皇帝？当上皇帝后为什么又失去帝位？失去帝位后，为什么又没遭遇一般亡国之君那样悲惨的命运？
人物周刊：在不同年龄段，你对武则天的理解与评价也有所不同吧？
蒙曼：起初，对我来说，她只是一个女强人，比较脸谱化。大学时看《资治通鉴》，回到了五六十年代宋庆龄对于她的定位——“一个中国封建社会杰出的女政治家”；
研究生时，专门做隋唐史。看到对她的一条研究轨迹：唐朝人写她是几圣之一，把她当作皇帝；到宋朝，就专讲她的残忍和纵欲；到了明朝晚期，李贽又觉得公德与私德是两回事，不能把她的私生活和对政治的贡献混在一起；再到明末清初，思想家王夫之将她形容成“鬼神之所不容，臣民之所共怨”；
20世纪初女权运动兴起，中国人受西方影响，武则天成为人们心目中女权运动的先驱；后来又把她和“儒法斗争” 搞在一起，这时她又成了法家的代表。
所以，对她的认识是一个逐步成熟逐步叠加的过程。
人物周刊：武则天死后的无字碑，应该如何解读？
蒙曼：实际上，无字碑不是武则天本人立的，跟她的想法无任何关系。她死后，唐朝进入一个相对混乱的时期，人们对她的评价也特别复杂，每个派系都有不同的看法，哪一个派系都不能完全压倒其他派系。
颠覆了传统妇女的形象
人物周刊：你认为武则天最大的政治野心是什么？是当皇帝吗？
蒙曼：她是在当皇后的后期，才真正想到当皇帝。之前，她是想发挥自己的才能。当时很多妇女觉得自己有能力，但是社会不允许她发挥。所以，有时我会和学生开玩笑，说你们看到的节妇烈女都是一些有欲望有野心的人，只不过没有办法通过其他途径表现自己。(笑)
武则天在进宫前，遭遇家庭的变故和同父异母兄长的打压，进宫后，在唐太宗身边郁郁不得志。但是她生性要强，她身上有一种压抑不住的生气。具体的目标，时时刻刻在变，但她老想把自己的能力发挥出来，这是一种动力。
人物周刊：你认为武则天称得上是一位英雄吗？
蒙曼：英雄应该是能够为历史发展做出贡献的人，武则天符合这样一种定位。一方面她利用了她所处时代的优势，另一方面她也对时代推波助澜。中国历史上，没有哪一个时期有那么多妇女渴望参与到政治生活中去，她死后，就有太平公主、韦后、安乐公主、上官婉儿等人，这些还是我们叫得上名字的妇女。这就是她的影响，她为人们树立了一个榜样：一个女性完全可以做到这样的突破。
她也是一个非常有颠覆性的人物，颠覆了我们的很多理念，比方说颠覆了我们对传统女性的认识——传统女性过去是三从四德、温婉贤淑，甚至服从懦弱的形象。事实上，中国古代女性的形象非常复杂，非常丰富，武则天是其中一类代表。
武则天也颠覆了我们对于传统文化的理解。五四以来，传统文化一直被批判，可是，如果传统文化对于人的压制真的有那么强烈，怎么能允许武则天这样一个人物的成功？我想传统文化本身有着非常弹性的一面，很有宽容性。
人物周刊：英雄往往有悲剧色彩，你觉得武则天最悲剧的是在哪儿？
蒙曼：武则天是一个悲剧人物。“改唐为周”是她后来的一个理想，她很多事情都围绕着这个事来做，但是，她还没死就看到她亲手缔造的帝国覆灭了，这是她的悲剧。但她真正的悲剧，还是突破不了传统。
帝国的覆灭，直观上看是毁于一场政变，深层来说，即使没有政变，她这个周朝也维系不下去。这涉及到父系文化传统的问题。有人问，为什么她不传皇位给她女儿，我说那对于她来讲是不可思议的事情，她不可能找到其他的文化来突破父系文化的底线。
人物周刊：你对唐高宗也有自己的评价，以往人们常常把他塑造成懦弱无能的形象，你却肯定他是一个有为的政治家。
蒙曼：是的。在他执政时期，有具体数字表明，唐朝疆域达到最大，这么一个敏感纤细的人，在军事上还是相当成功的，政治上也很成功。他伙同武则天，打破了贵族占主导地位的政治格局，给了更多平民和一般官僚晋升的机会。
有人说他听命于武则天，这不可能，用人一直在高宗手里，武则天想楔进一个钉子都很难。武则天对他有没有帮助？当然有。但就像一个单位有正副手，他是决策者，他可以听也完全可以不听，就看他的选择力和决断力了。
另外，无论唐太宗还是唐高宗，都可以说是职业政治家，也可以说是职业阴谋家，他们搞起阴谋来都是有一套的。所以，唐高宗和武则天两人有时候也会演双簧，他们始终都配合得很好。但是武则天有一个优势，唐高宗完全不具备：身体素质。这是一种先天条件。唐高宗之所以没有成为一个伟大政治家，这个风头被武则天给占了，跟他的身体状况也有非常大的关系。
另外，无论唐太宗还是唐高宗，都可以说是职业政治家，也可以说是职业阴谋家，他们搞起阴谋来都是有一套的。所以，唐高宗和武则天两人有时候也会演双簧，他们始终都配合得很好。但是武则天有一个优势，唐高宗完全不具备：身体素质。这是一种先天条件。唐高宗之所以没有成为一个伟大政治家，这个风头被武则天给占了，跟他的身体状况也有非常大的关系。
她的内在力量和慈禧不一样
人物周刊：武则天是否有一些内心纠葛没有被我们看到？
蒙曼：我们没有办法真正追究这个人的心理，因为一切要建立在材料的基础上，我们只能看到她的行动。她也许是凭直觉去判断，去行动，能妥协的时候，她会妥协，不能妥协，她会选择自己的理想。
比如对待李旦，当他还是小孩子的时候，武则天也想当个合格的母亲，她对小儿子有依恋之情。但发展到要夺皇位时，她已不能表现出对他的温情。
亲情对她来说不重吗？如果不重的话，她最终为什么选择儿子而不是侄子继承皇位？但亲情一旦与权力产生激烈冲突，她会撇开亲情。
人物周刊：养男宠是否也体现了她人性的一个侧面？
蒙曼：对，这也是生命力啊。但你很难说她对男宠投注了什么感情。这非常复杂。有时候是对自己帝王身份的认同。当皇帝不仅仅是一个名号，她看到以前皇帝什么样，她自己也要模拟一把。没有男宠，她怎么体现自己是一个皇帝呢？
另外，她晚年真正能相信谁呢？儿子是她的竞争对手，侄子更是一样，我倒觉得她与男宠在一起的时候，是相对轻松的。
人物周刊：现在是一个女强人纷纷涌现的时代，今天的女性可以从武则天那里汲取到哪些有价值的东西呢？
蒙曼：她的勇气。勇气要分虚假的强悍和真正内在的力量。武则天有一种内在的力量。就拿她和慈禧相比。对时局的把握，从政的能力，她发挥出来了，就会对历史有一个相对正面的影响；而慈禧发挥出来了，恰恰对历史进程有一个相对负面的影响。这两人的内在力量是不一样的。我们认定武则天是一个杰出的政治家，而谁要想给慈禧翻案，恐怕都不会翻得规模太大。
形成她内在力量的根源在于她不断积累的能力。有史料记载她素攻文史，这就不是一般的评价。对历史有一个把握，就会对时局有更清醒的认识。这一点得益于她的母亲。她母亲不喜女红，专爱读书，被称作“隆家之女”。武则天小时候在文史中学，长大后从现实的政治斗争中学，而且她的教师太优秀了，她先是得到唐太宗的指点，然后是唐高宗，唐高宗逐步打造了武则天。有一个高明的老师，她才能做一个高明的学生http://www.fjdh.com/wumin/HTML/47961.html
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提要：
本文討論玄奘大師和唐太宗的友誼，分析太宗晚年的宗教心理，對佛教態度的轉變，及玄奘對他的影響。玄奘大師本人，對政治沒有興趣；但他在與帝王、公候的來往中，常常牽涉到政治思想。這一事實多為學者所忽略。本文從玄奘的譯經，和他與太宗的對話等，找出他的政治理想輪廓。因為這種資料少為人所注意，故稱為探微。
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一
唐代三藏法師玄奘(六○○ ─ 六六四)[1]，是一位名震中外，古今讚譽的人物。他的著作和譯文，有很多都被現代學者加以研究，推崇甚高。他的孤影西征，捨命求法的精神，更令人心折。他對唯識哲學的精微理解，和對印度佛教的豐富知識，到現在還可以說是前無古人，後無來者。記得三十多年前，我初到印度去留學時，玄奘法師的大名，一再出現於印度古代史的課本中，曾使我大吃一驚。這並不是我不知曉玄奘的事跡，而是沒有想到他對印度文化史，竟然有那麼重要的貢獻﹔也沒有估計到他在印度的知名度，還高於他在中華本土所受到的尊崇。
按常理而論，玄奘大師的「大唐西域記」，已有多種譯本和研究[2]；他的傳記─「大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳」，也受到學者們的注意[3]。就以研究他生平的論文來說，中文資料被張曼濤教授，編入「玄奘大師研究」一書內的，已達三十四篇[4]。在這種情形下，恐怕沒有多少新的題目，可以作進一步的討論。可是如果加以仔細的推敲，仍然有些問題，迄今還沒有受到學術研究人士的注意。
本文所討論的，正好是那些少人研究的問題之一 ── 玄奘法師的政治理想。玄奘一生，志在求法，功在傳譯，他把大乘瑜伽學派的哲學，有關經書翻譯成中文，實在是一件歷史上的大事。瑜伽學派的唯識思想，也就是玄奘所信仰的佛學。除此而外，玄奘並沒有建樹他自己的哲學體系。其次，玄奘本人是一個虔誠的佛教信仰者，他辭世出家，無意仕進等點，都是毋庸懷疑的。現在的研究絕不能妄加臆測，添鹽加醋的硬給老和尚戴上頂政治帽子。但另一方面，奘師一生曾和印度中天竺國戒日王，唐太宗、唐高宗等歷史人物，有私人來往，關係密切。作為一個大乘佛教高僧的玄奘，應當是以慈悲為懷，濟世為志的。要說他只是一個純粹的出世和尚，與世無關，恐怕也不能算是公允客觀。
二
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唐太宗李世民是中國歷史上一位極少見的人物，他的文事武功，納諫自律，勤政愛民，造成貞觀之治的黃金時代。儘管歐陽修在「新唐書」中，曾對太宗的牽於多愛，復立浮屠，深為惋惜﹔但是這並不足以證明唐太宗是一位保護佛教的帝王。這一點已被湯用彤教授的研究，加以澄清。[5]湯先生的結論是唐太宗重視文治，認為佛法無益於天下。但自認李氏為李耳之後，所以曾下令在公眾場合中「先道後佛」。另一方面，唐太宗曾為陣亡者立寺，拒絕反佛份子的請求，沒有毀壞佛法。
美國教授來特( A. F. Wright )在他的論文，「唐太宗與佛教」一文中，曾把太宗一生分為四個時期：由公元六一七到六二六年間，是李世民生活的第一時期，他當時的主要工作是在奪取權力：先推翻隋代王朝，然後經玄武門之變，取得了太子的地位。六二七 ─ 六三七的十年左右，是他的精勵圖治時期﹕鞏固地位，增強信心。六三七 ─ 六四四是第三時期，功績卓著，雄圖宏闊，一連串的成功，使他患有強力欲望症。來特教授把這種政治病，定名為「漢武帝狂」症。六四五 ─ 六四九，是太宗的暮年。在這一期間，個人的悲痛，疾病的侵擾，死亡的威脅，都是特徵[6]。
在上述的第一個時期中，太宗忙於軍務政事，無暇於宗教政策。他雖然曾得到佛教人士的某些協助，但個人對佛家的態度，並不清楚。六二七年太宗登台以後，他的態度漸漸明確﹕在這一年中，設立弘文館，精選天下儒士，於內殿「講論經義，商略政事」[7]。又詔見道士孫思邈，授以爵位[8]。在對待佛教方面，他一方面遣御史杜正倫(五八七 ─ 六五八) 「檢校佛法，清肅非濫」[9]﹔另一方面卻又召沙門玄琬(五六二 ─ 六三六)入宮， 「為皇太子及諸王等，受菩薩戒。故儲宮以下，師禮崇焉。」[10]這些事實表示，太宗在其生活的第二段開始時期中，是道佛並容，以儒為本。他的這種態度，也可以從他和傅奕(五五五 ─ 六三九)的一段對話中看出─太宗問傅奕曰： 「佛教玄妙，聖跡可師，且報應顯然，屢有征驗；卿獨不悟，其理何也？」傅奕的回答是因為在他看來，
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佛教是「于百姓無補，于國家有害」。太宗對這一回答的反應是「頗然之」。[11]
六二七年太宗對佛教的這種態度，一直繼續下去，直到第四個時期，才有所變化。在這一時期中，對太宗影響最大的和尚，正是玄奘法師。這兩個歷史性人物的會見，是非常戲劇性的。因為玄奘出國的時候， 「時國政尚新，疆場未遠，禁約百姓，不許出蕃……。」[12]後來他得當地佛門領袖惠威法師，密遣兩位弟子的暗助，才得 「竊送向西，自是不敢公出，乃晝伏夜行，遂至瓜州。」[13]用現在的話說，他犯了沒有護照私自出國的大法。
雖然等到玄奘返回東土時，時間已過了十幾年，但是玄奘對當年私自違法出國一事，仍然感到不安。所以當他到達于闐時，馬上修表一份，送到長安，探一下風色。這份表章，保留在「三藏法師傳」第五卷內，足以表示玄奘當年的心情。法師在表文中，首先陳述他好學求法的熱忱， 「常思訪學，無顧身命。遂以貞觀三年（公元六二九）四月，冒越憲章，私往天竺。」[14]接著敘述他所遊歷的地區，和非凡的見聞，然後馬上報告皇帝，說他的求法旅程，也曾 「宣皇風之德澤，發殊俗之欽思」。[15]最後才說他非常希望， 「早謁軒陛，無任延仰之至。」[16]
玄奘的探試是成功的，唐太宗的反應是熱烈歡迎。皇帝表示： 「聞師訪道殊域，今得歸還。歡喜無量，可即速來，與朕相見……朕已敕于闐等道使諸國送師，人力鞍乘，應不少乏……。」[17]就是在這樣的情形下，法師榮返長安。當時太宗正在洛陽，準備出征遼濱。貞觀十九年（六四五）元月底，玄奘才到洛陽宮見駕。大約太宗當時正忙於軍事，初次會面只是禮貌性的。直到七天以後，第二次會面時，他們才作深談。傳文對那次談話，有詳細的記載。李世民果然厲害，一見面先示以威，然後再布以恩。傳文稱：
二月已亥見於儀鸞殿，帝迎慰甚厚。既而坐訖。
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帝曰：師去何不相報？法師謝曰：玄奘當去之時，以再三表奏，但誠願微淺，不蒙允許。無任慕道之至，乃輒私行。專擅之罪，唯深慚懼。
法師既然認了錯，皇帝也就放了手：
帝曰：師出家與俗殊隔；然能委命求法，惠利蒼生，朕甚嘉焉，亦不煩為愧。
皇帝既然表示，他不究已往，玄奘自然感激，等到太宗問他： 「但念彼山川阻遠，方俗異心，怪師能達也？」，法師馬上藉機會把皇帝恭維了一番。
法師對曰：玄奘聞，乘疾風者造天地而非遠，御龍舟者涉江波而不難。自陛下掘乾符清四海，德籠九域仁被八區，淳風扇炎景之南，聖威振蔥山之外。所以戎夷君長，每見雲翔之鳥自東來者，猶疑發於上國，斂躬而敬之。何況玄奘圓首方足，親承育化者也。既賴天威，故得往還無難！[18]
上面的這一段紀敘，多為人們當作是客套，不加重視。我現在把它抄出，證明玄奘對當時的政治法律，都非常敏感，並不是一位不知世事的呆和尚。剛剛相反，像這樣恭維皇帝的話，幾乎出現於每一次對話中。這種事實在當時都是人們所熟知。玄奘的徒弟彥悰曾對他師父的機警善辭，有過這樣的稱讚： 「法師才兼內外，臨機酬答，其辯洽如是，難哉！」[19]
三
玄奘初遇太宗時，李世民還是雄心未已。貞觀十九年太宗會見玄奘時，他所注重的仍在政事，不在佛教。他的這種態度，在玄奘傳中表現得非常清楚。玄奘恭維太宗的「天威」，也是投其雄主的所好。
在兩人初次長談中，太宗詢問的事項，包括下列內容： 「自雪嶺已西印度之境，玉燭和氣，物產風俗，八王故跡，四佛遺蹤，並博望之所不傳，班馬無得而載。法師既親遊其地，觀覿疆邑，耳聞目覽，記憶無遺。隨問詶對，
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皆有條理。」[20]按太宗留意西域，從他作皇帝時起即有此心。貞觀四年，李靖（五七一 ─ 六四九）平定東突厥以後，「西北君長，請上號為天可汗」。羅香林教授認為這種天可汗制度，「與今日聯合國之作用，頗為相似。」[21]可是西域諸國，分合不定，唐朝政府對當地的情形，並沒有一貫而系統性的資料。現在玄奘的旅行，遠越中亞直達印度。玄奘的見聞，遠超過博望侯張騫。太宗自然需要這種材料。這種材料對唐朝經營西域，和歷史意義都是非常重要的。因此太宗才決定，法師 「宜修一傳，以示未聞。」[22]這就是撰寫「大唐西域記」的起因。
但是太宗並不以此為滿足。他和玄奘會談之後，深覺像玄奘這樣一位人才，應當位以高官，收為己用。玄奘傳文稱： 「帝又察法師堪公輔之寄，因勸歸俗，助秉俗務」。玄奘堅決不幹，推說他自幼出家，不問政務，一旦還俗，不但於政無功；並且也會使他的宗教學問，徒令腐敗。他只 「願得畢身行道，以報國恩。」[23]
太宗退讓一步，想要玄奘和他一起參與東征。法師以軍旅不便，虛負路費為理由，加以推謝。玄奘請求到嵩岳少林寺去譯經，太宗不允，建議他在長安弘福寺翻譯，玄奘接受。
值得特別注意的，是太宗早年曾對傅奕說道：「佛法報應顯然，屢有征驗」[24]。後來在他「神筆自寫」的「大唐三藏聖教序」中，也有 「是知惡因業墜，善以緣昇。昇墜之端，唯人所託」等語。[25]可見太宗對佛家因果報應的理論，是很清楚而且相信的。據我推測，太宗相信因果之說，對他晚年漸近佛教有很大的關係。
在國家大事上，太宗推崇儒家，敢於任事。但是在南征北剿的過程中，生命死傷無數，對一個相信因果報應的人來說，殺了敵人自然會產生恐懼不安的感覺。他的這種心情，在他貞觀三年閏十一月，「為殞身戎陣者立寺剎詔」文中，早就有所表示。詔文說：
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…有隋失道，九服沸騰。朕親總元戎，致茲明罰…各殉所奉，咸有可嘉…紀信捐生，丹書著於圖像。猶恐九泉之下，尚淪鼎鑊﹔八難之間，永纏冰炭，愀然疚懷，用忘興寢。思所以樹立福田，濟其營魄，可於建義以來交兵之處，為義士凶徒殞身戎陣者，各建寺剎…[26]。
在另一份詔文中，太宗表示：
朕自隋末創義，志存拯溺。北征東伐，所向平殄：然黃鉞之下，金鏃之端，凡所傷殪，難用勝紀…追以愴恨生靈之重，能不哀矜。悄然疚懷，無忘興寢。[27]
從這些語句中，我們可以看出太宗對陣亡的軍人，一方面覺得是 「刑期無期」，「以戰止戰」[28]，勢在必行；另一方面自知殺業太重，感覺非常後悔（「愀然疚懷」）。這種懺悔的心情，弄得他坐臥不寧（「無忘興寢」）。這種壓力和恐懼感，使他不得不以建築寺院，設齋懺禮來在佛教中尋求禳解。這種犯罪的恐懼感，詔文中也有記載：
且釋氏之教深尚慈仁，禁戒之科殺害為重。承言此理彌增悔懼。今宜為自征討以來，手所誅剪，前後之數，將近一千，皆為建齋行道，竭誠禮懺…冀三途之難，因斯解脫。萬劫之苦，藉此弘濟。滅怨障之心；趨菩提之道。[29]
從以上的資料中，我們可以看出唐太宗在政治上，是三教並容，儒治為本；但是在他的內心中，對被他殺死的近一千人，深深抱有犯罪感。佛家的戒殺和因果報應之說，更是使他「彌增悔懼」。所以才用建齋行道的辦法，以「滅怨障之心」。除了這些亡魂以外，玄武門事變中，太宗的兄長和弟弟 ─ 建成、元吉被殺身亡一事，一定也會在太宗的心中，留下更深的暗影。[30]三教裡面只有佛家有因果之說，和樹立福田的辦法，才能解開太宗心中這件說不出口的大疙瘩。
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儘管因果報應之說，在佛經中比比皆是。例如佛教典籍說阿育王即位之前曾經殺兄害弟；阿闍世王（未生怨），弒父篡位，[31]都和李世民在奪權爭位時期的作為，可作對照。但是玄奘在「大唐西域記」中，對這些故事，都避開不談。可見三藏法師真是小心謹慎。其實，這也難怪，李世民的晚年是很護短的。他和玄奘的關係，並不是沒有裂痕的。玄奘譯經的助手之一，「大唐西域記」的執筆者辯機，正是在玄奘地位聲譽最隆的時候 ─ 貞觀二十二至二十三年間，因通高陽公主，「太宗怒，腰斬辯機」。[32]這一案件雖然是辯機自取其禍，但卻不能不使玄奘小心。
玄奘和唐高宗的關係，一直很好。早在玄奘返國的兩年以前，儲君之爭，相當緊張。原來的皇太子承乾，和魏王泰爭寵，「各樹朋黨，遂成亹隙」。[33]。爭奪的結果，使漁人得利 ─ 晉王李治成為王位的繼承人，他就是後來的唐高宗。晉王的被立為太子，頗富於戲劇性。兩唐書長孫無忌（六五九亡）傳記載說：
太子承乾得罪，太宗欲立晉王，而限以非次，迴惑不決。御兩儀殿，群官盡出，獨留無忌及司空房玄齡，兵部尚書李勣，曰：「我三子一弟，所為如此，我心無憀﹗」因自投於床，抽佩刀欲自刺。無忌等驚懼，爭前扶抱，取佩刀以授晉王。無忌等請太宗所欲，報曰：「我欲立晉王。」無忌曰：「謹奉詔，有異議者，臣請斬之。」太宗謂晉王曰：「汝舅許汝，宜拜謝。」[34]
陳寅恪先生在評論這事件時說：「太宗蓋世英雄，果於決斷，而至皇位繼承問題乃作如此可笑之狀…蓋皇位繼承既不固定，則朝臣黨派之活動必不能止息…」。[35]
唐高宗遠不如太宗英明，缺乏主張。他的皇位繼承又是在這樣的背景下取得的。因此在他繼位大統之前，一定是小心謹慎，投太宗之所好。太宗的犯罪感和對因果報應的恐懼，和他對玄奘的親近，在他生命的最後一年多中，可以說是與歲而增。不利於佛教的行動，幾乎再沒有出現過。這一背景是決定晉王對玄奘友善的主要因素。所以他和法師的關係，
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是緊跟太宗的腳步。自然，太宗的內心苦，和尋求宗教解脫的緊迫感，絕非那位年青的太子所可以理解的。
例如貞觀二十二年六月，太宗在玉華宮召見玄奘，相談甚歡，應玄奘之請，親染翰墨，寫成「大唐三藏聖教序」。作為太子的李治見到聖教序以後，馬上湊熱鬧寫了一篇「述聖記」。在這篇文章中，太子先歌頌太宗的武功文德，說 「皇帝陛下，上玄資福，垂拱而治八荒。德被黔黎，斂衽而朝萬國…百川異流，同會於海﹔萬區分義，總乎成實，豈於湯、武校其優劣，堯、舜比其聖德者哉！」然後才稱讚玄奘的資質和求法的壯舉，言及此舉： 「自非久植勝緣，何以顯揚斯旨？所謂法性常住，齊三光之明，我皇福臻，同二儀之固。」[36]
又如太宗曾在貞觀八年為穆太后建弘福寺，十五年又駕幸該寺，為穆太后追福。太子也在貞觀二十二年，「為文德皇后立寺，故以慈恩為名。」[37]寺成之後，玄奘奉命在這所新建的的大寺中「令充上座」，「移就翻譯」。這一類資料者都足以說明，高宗在作皇太子時，對玄奘的態度主要在迎合太宗的興趣。
四
本文前面曾經談到，唐太宗第一次和玄奘召對時，就曾勸玄奘還俗，襄輔政務。玄奘推辭不從，「願得畢身行道以報國恩」一語，作為妥協。太宗當時雖然沒有再作要求，但也沒有放棄那一計劃。直到三年以後，貞觀二十二年六月在玉華宮會見時，又再度提出這項意見。「三藏法師傳」稱：
帝以法師學業該贍，儀韻淹深，每思逼勸歸俗，致之左右，共謀朝政。…至是又言曰：意欲法師脫須菩提之染服，掛維摩詰之素衣，升鉉路以陳謨，坐槐庭而論道。於意如何？[38]
這種要求換衣加官的理由是什麼呢？因為皇帝的事務太多，個人無法獨察一切，所以「明王聖主，猶仗群賢」。玄奘素志未改，還是堅決不幹。他用下面幾種理由，說動了太宗：
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一、 「陛下上智之君，一人紀綱萬事自得其緒，況撫運以來，天地休平，中外寧宴……經緯八宏之略，驅駕英豪之才，剋定禍亂之功，崇闡雍熙之業，聰明文思之德，體元合極之姿，皆天之所授，無假於人。其義一也。」
二、 「敦本棄末，尚仁尚禮……九州四海稟識懷生，俱沐恩波，咸遂安樂。此又聖心至化，無假於人，其義二也。」
三、 「至道旁通，深仁遠洽……彫蹄鼻斂之俗，卉服左衽之人，莫不候雨瞻風，稽顙屈膝……此又天威所感，無假於人。其義三也。」
四、 「獫狁為患，其來自久。五帝所不臣，三王不能制……及陛下御圖一征斯殄，傾巢倒穴，無復子遺……若言由臣，則虞，夏以來，賢輔多矣，何因不獲﹖故知有道斯得，無假於人。其義四也。」
五、 「高麗小蕃，失禮上國。隋帝總天下之師，三自征罰……虛喪六軍，狼狽而返。陛下暫行將數萬騎，摧駐蹕之強陣，破遼蓋之堅城，振旅凱旋……，隋以之亡，唐以之得。故知由主，無假於人。其義五也。」
六、 「又如天地交泰，日月光華，和氣氤氳，慶雲紛郁……昭彰雜沓，無量億千，不能遍舉。皆應德而生，無假於人。」
七、 「縱復須人，今亦伊、呂多矣﹗玄奘庸陋，何足以預之？至於守戒緇門，闡揚遺法，此其願也！」[39]
上面摘出的六段文字，一方面足以表現玄奘的文采和談鋒，及其對太宗的推崇；一方面也可以推想，玄奘眼中的明主聖王，應當具有怎樣的條件？他的文采談鋒，傳文已足以說明；他對太宗的誇獎，有些地方不免有「拍馬」之嫌，尤其是五、六兩段；但是總的去說，都還有事可徵，不能當作全是諛辭。可是從這一段話中，去推測玄奘心目中的理想皇帝，
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還沒有見到學者們有過嚐試。
如果把玄奘上述對太宗的奏言加以分析，我們就可以看出，玄奘所談的政治理想，是君主中心論。在他所舉出的七項陳條中，六項都是稱讚王權的。他認為至少在唐太宗這 「上智之君」來說，具有那六項資格，因此是「無假於人」的。換句話說，就是不必依靠臣僚的輔助，只靠皇帝本人已可以成功。
自然玄奘所談的只限於「上智之君」，並不是說每一個統治者都是這麼隨便就能 「一人紀綱，萬事自得」。那麼「上智之王」的條件又是如何？玄奘在奏對中，提到了六項：第一，是「天之所授」，這不是學而可致，而是天生的英才。第二，是個人的道德，和其對政治的影響力，即玄奘所講的「聖心至化」。第三，是對唐帝國四鄰的感化，以德服人，玄奘把這一條形容為「天威」。第四，是王道武功。只靠武功，僅可以作到「唯收枝葉，根本猶存」。只有王道指導之下，才能解決根本問題。玄奘稱這一項為「有道斯得」。第五，是領袖才能，玄奘稱為「由主」。第六，皇帝的道德人格，對自然界的神秘影響。和「應德而至」的種種祥瑞。
自從這一次談話之後，玄奘與太宗父子的關係才穩定了下來。太宗需要一位有才能、善言辭、經驗豐富而又不卷入朝中是非的人，和他閒談解悶。更重要的是他在征遼回來以後，身體心境，無復當年，極需一位宗教人士以減輕他的犯罪感壓力。玄奘正好是太宗所需要的人物。
所以在這次會見中，他又問玄奘最近所譯的經論，親自讀閱了「瑜伽師地論」，深深感到佛經是 「瞻天望海，莫測高深」。太宗一生忙於軍事政治，雖然常和僧、道來往，但多限於公務，從來沒有讀過佛經。這一次因為三藏法師的推薦，讀了一部佛教經典，不禁對重臣們嘆道： 「朕比以軍國務殷，不及委尋佛教。而今觀之，宗源杳曠，靡知涯際。其儒、道，九流比之，猶汀瀅之池，方溟渤耳。而世云三教齊致，此妄談也。」[40]
因為這一深刻印象，太宗才下令秘書省，手寫新翻經論為九本，分發於雍、洛、并、兗、相、楊、涼、荊、益等九州。
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這是唐朝政府官方寫經流通規模最大的一次。他又讀了玄奘所進的「菩薩藏經」，甚為讚賞，敕令皇太子為作後序。又賜納袈裟一領，剃刀一口給玄奘。「三藏法師傳」對太宗晚年漸趨佛家，有一段很好的分析。傳文寫道：
帝少勞兵事，纂曆之後，又心存兆庶。及遼東征罰，櫛沐風霜。旋旆已來，氣力頗不如平昔，有憂生之慮。既遇法師，遂留心八正，牆塹五乘，遂將息平復。[41]
他在玄奘的建議下，下令天下諸州度僧、尼一萬八千五百餘人。又在北闕紫微殿西，別建一所，號為弘法院，留玄奘日間閒談，晚上在弘法院譯經。二個月以後，慈恩寺修成，太宗才以盛大典禮，送法師入住新寺。
冬日以後，太宗又在次年四月，駕幸翠微宮，並召皇太子及玄奘陪從。公務以外的時間，主要是和法師閒談。太宗所問的題目，包括 「因果報應，及西域先聖遺芳故跡。」[42]玄奘引經據典，一一回答。 「帝深信納。數攘袂嘆曰：朕共師相逢晚！不得廣興佛事。」[43]一個多月以後，太宗去世。
五
太宗去世以後，秘不發表，直到靈襯返回首都宮內，才公佈了喪訊﹔宣佈太子即位。玄奘才能返回慈恩寺，集中精力，翻譯經典。「三藏法師傳」稱： 「自此以後，專務翻譯，無棄寸陰。每日自立課程，若晝日有事不充，必兼夜以續之。」[44]據劉汝霖的考證，玄奘在太宗去世的那一年，一共譯出經論十五部經。其中之一，就是「王法正理論一卷」[45]。熟悉瑜伽佛典的學者，大都知道這部論書，與玄奘早先譯出的一部巨著，「瑜伽師地論」第六十一卷的內容，基本相同。玄奘此時再譯此章，並且冠以新名，一定和他當時的處境和需要有關。這種推測根據下列三點：一、玄奘和太宗父子的關係，在六四八至六四九兩年間，非常密切，常常在談話中，涉及佛教教義，有時也牽涉到政局。這一事實已從本文以前各節中，可以清楚看出。二、此書的出現正好在太宗去世，
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高宗繼位新舊交替的時間。三、這一卷經文的內容，正好是瑜伽佛教學派的政治理想。
在所有的佛教經典中，玄奘和「瑜伽師地論」的關係特別深厚。「三藏法師傳」稱，武德八年（六二四）玄奘由成都到長安時， 「遍謁眾師，備餐其說。詳考其理，各擅宗塗。驗之聖典，亦隱顯有異，莫知適從。乃誓遊西方，以問所惑。並取『十七地論』，以釋眾疑。即今之『瑜伽師地論』也。」[46]由此可見，正是這一部論書，促使玄奘決心出國求法。
傳文又稱，當法師旅遊印度阿踰陀的和阿耶穆佉兩國之間時，渡船被賊劫持。賊人看見法師形貌好看，準備殺他祭神。法師在就刃之前專心祈禱： 「恭敬供養，受『瑜伽師地論』……還來下生，教化此人。」[47]，由此可見，這一部論書，正是玄奘在生死之際所尋求的唯一經典。
傳文還說，玄奘受盡千辛萬苦，到達那爛陀寺，初謁戒賢法師時，戒賢 「問法師從何處來？報曰：從支那國來，欲依師學「瑜伽論」……」[48]。儘管玄奘在印度學習了不少的佛教經典，但只有這一部論書，真正才是他最想要的。所以等他在那爛陀住定，戒賢法師用了十五個月的時間，才把這部經文仔細講完。後來玄奘在該寺學習時， 「法師在寺，聽瑜伽三遍」。[49]由此可見，玄奘對這部佛書，用功甚深。
玄奘回國以後，先譯了一些小部頭的經典。等到譯場完全就緒，就在貞觀二十年五月十五日起，開始「瑜伽師地論」，直到二十二年五月十五日，才翻譯完畢。凡一百卷。法師多年以來所夢想的大事業，終於實現了。
玄奘既然對這部佛教論書，捨命以求，謹慎而學，全力而譯，他當然也會盡力使其流通。果然，正在他把這部書譯成之後，六月就被太宗召往玉華宮陪駕。在那一次談話中，有關譯經的一段對話，傳文記載如下：
帝又問：法師，比翻何經論？
答：近翻「瑜伽師地論」訖，凡一百卷。
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帝曰：此論甚大！何聖所說？復明何義？
答曰：論是彌勒菩薩說。明十七地義。
又問：何名十七地？
答謂：五識相應地，意識相應地，有尋有伺地，無尋唯伺地，無尋無伺地，三摩呬多地，非三摩多呬地，有心地，無心地，聞所成地，思所成地，修所成地，聲聞地，獨覺地，菩薩地，有餘依地，無餘依地。[50]
經過玄奘「舉綱提目，陳列大義」之後，傳文只說 「帝深愛焉。遣使向京，取瑜伽論。論至，帝自詳覽。睹其詞義宏達，非從來所聞」。[51]唐太宗雖然文化程度甚高，但是這部由梵文譯成中文的論書裡面，講識、論思、談瑜伽、道聖果，體系龐大，術語甚多。恐怕太宗是無法看懂全部，只能嘆其「宏遠」了。
因為閱讀和讚賞這部書，唐太宗才寫下了著名的「大唐三藏聖教序」。後來這篇序文，被冠於全部「大藏經」。其實原來寫作的背景只是「新經」，特別是「瑜伽師地論」。
「王法正理論」原來是「瑜伽師地論」中的一部份，屬於「攝決擇分」篇，分篇題目是「有尋有伺等三地之四」。「尋」字梵文是 Vitarkah ，相當於現代漢語「尋查」，表示初步注意的意思。「伺」字梵文原語是 Vicarah ，相當現代漢語「深究」，比「尋查」更深一步。「瑜伽師地論」是一部討論修行成道的書，把人生修道的歷程，分為十七個階段；這十七個階段，包括各式各樣的思維。瑜伽佛學的政治理想，就這樣的被包括在修道論裡面去了。難怪唐太宗沒有仔細讀這一篇，也難怪玄奘要把這一段文字，重譯標明，它的主題是「王法正理」。
「王法正理論」傳為佛陀為出愛王( Udayanavatsaraja )講說的。它的內容有國王的過失、功德，衰損門、方便門、可愛法和如何達成可愛法的方法等六個題目。現在分別介紹如下：
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「王之過失」：王過失者，略有九種。王若成就如是過失，雖有大府庫，有大輔佐，有大軍眾，不可歸仰。何等為九？一不得自在，二立性暴惡，三猛利憤發，四恩惠奢薄，五受邪佞言，六所作不思不順儀則，七不顧善法，八不知差別忘所作恩，九一向縱任專行放逸。[52]
按：「王之過失」在「瑜伽師地論」中，列有十種。其中第一條就是「種姓不高」。論中對這一條的解釋是﹕ 「謂有國王隨一下類王家而生，非宿尊貴；或雖於此王家而生，賤女之子，不相似子；或是大臣輔相，國師群官等子。如是名王種姓不高。」[53]印度是一個非常註重種姓的國家，玄奘在「大唐西域記」卷二中，對這種風俗描寫得很清楚。 「夫種姓殊者，有四流焉﹕……二曰剎帝利，王種也，奕世君臨，仁恕為志。」[54]他又說： 「凡茲四姓，清濁殊流。婚娶通親，飛伏異路。內外宗枝，姻媾不雜。」[55]討論印度王統時，種姓應當是首要的一條。不知玄奘是因為中國沒有種姓制度，所以刪除此條﹔還是所據梵本不同？原始資料沒有說明，我們不也不必徒作揣測。
「王之功德」：王功德者，略有九種。王若成就如是功德，雖無大府庫，無大輔佐，無大軍眾而可歸仰。何等為九？一得大自在，二性不暴惡，三憤發輕微，四恩惠猛利，五受正直言，六所作諦思善順儀則，七顧戀善法，八善知差別知所作恩，九不自縱任不行放逸。
這九條和「王之過失」的九條，剛剛相反。「瑜伽師地論」所列的「王之功德」，原來也是十條。[56]「王法正理論」刪掉第一條：「種姓尊高」。
「王衰損門」：王衰損門，略有五稱。一不善觀察而攝群臣，二雖善觀察而攝群臣，無恩妙行縱有非時。三專行放逸不思機務，四專行放逸不守府庫，五專行放逸不修法行。如是五種，皆悉名「王衰損門」。……
若有國王，成就如是五衰損門，當知此王退失現法後法義利。謂前四門，退現法利；最後一門，退後法利。
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[57]
衰損門和過失都不是好事，但兩者之間，稍有差別。衰損門會使國王的統治，逐漸衰弱﹔國王的過失，會使他下台。和衰損門相對的是方便門：
「王方便門」：王方便門，略有五種。一善觀察攝受群臣，二能以時行恩妙行，三無放逸專思機務，四無放逸善守府庫，五無放逸專修法行。……
若有國王，成就如是五方便門，當知此王不退現法、後法義利。略前四門，不退現法所有義利；最後一門，不退後法所有義利。[58]
衰損、方便兩門各有五條，內容相對。這兩門的內容和「瑜伽師地論」第六十一卷所載的條目、文字完全相同。
「王可愛法」：略有五種諸王可愛、可樂、可欣、可意之法。何等為五？一世所敬愛，二自在增上，三能摧怨敵，四善攝養身，五能往善趣。
再接下去的就是「何能引王可愛法」：
略有五種能引諸王可愛之法。何等為五？一恩養世間，二英勇足具，三善權方便，四正受境界，五勤修法行。[59]
如果一個國王能夠遠離過失，修習功德﹔遠離衰損，學習方便﹔修習可愛法，奉行能引發可愛之法，就能得到一切利益安樂。
「王法正理論」又用三種圓滿的標準，把諸國王分為三類：第一、果報圓滿：這指一個國王生於富貴之家，長壽少病，家族茂盛，聰明能幹，所為皆有成就。這一圓滿，不是人人馬上可以得到，主要的是過去淨業所得到的果報。第二，士用圓滿：指的是國王能力高強，善於領導，英勇剛正，一切成功。這一圓滿，是現法可愛的果實。第三、
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功德圓滿：如果一個國王支持正法 ─ 佛教，和他的內宮后妃；太子，群臣，貴戚全都 「共修惠施，樹福受齋，堅持禁戒」[60]，這就做到功德圓滿。功德圓滿的淨業，就是來生的勝因。
一個國王如果在這三種標準上，都不能得到滿分，他就被列為下士。如果能在果報圓滿，或是士用完滿，或者二個全都得到滿分，就可以被列為中士。三個標準全部滿分，就是上好的國王。[61]
六
從以上各節的討論中，可以得到下面幾項結論：
一、玄奘法師以卓絕的精神，違禁出國，委身求法。其主要的精神支柱和求法目標，是在尋求「瑜伽師地論」。他返回唐帝國的時候，正巧是在唐太宗的晚年。法師在印度和中亞洲所得的聲譽，親身所經歷的地區，對當地的第一手知識，正是作為「天可汗」李世民所要知道的資料。而玄奘本人的儀表、談吐、學識、才具都足以使唐太宗傾心結納。玄奘回國正當其時，正逢其人。
二、唐太宗在中國歷史上，是一位稀有的明君，文治武功，成就輝煌。作為一位最高統治者，唐代的國策是儒治為主，諸教並容。但在另一方面，太宗在創業期間，南征北剿，平西罰東，親手殺死近千條人命，尤其是在爭奪帝位時，曾殺死自己的親生兄、弟。這些殺業，一定在太宗心中留下痛苦的陰影。他對業報的恐懼，正好洩露出他心中的這種犯罪感。這種犯罪感越到年老體衰，事不隨心時就顯得特別緊迫。正是在這種背景下，唐太宗對待玄奘的態度，才有顯著的轉變：前三年（貞觀十九年到二十二年）間，是政治為先，宗教次之；後一年是宗教為主，不及其餘。特別是在他生命最後的一年中，他召玄奘到玉華宮和翠微宮，陪他一塊避暑，甚至在內宮特別建造「弘法院」，以便和法師經常接触。直到去世之時，法師還被留在宮中。這種密切而特殊的關係，恰好說明太宗晚年的宗教需要。
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三、玄奘對唐太宗的態度，是和唐太宗對玄奘的態度，互相關連，及時改變的。前三年當中，玄奘是被動而謹慎的。他的主要目的是傳法譯經，不願作任何改變。後一年比較主動。在他的請求下，唐太宗作了幾件支持佛教的事情，包括官寫經本，流通九州，寫作「大唐三藏聖教序」，在全國範圍內的三千七百多所寺院中，「計度僧尼一萬八千五百餘人」。作為皇太子的李治，也緊跟著太宗的腳步，作了幾件佛事，奠定了法師和未來皇帝的友誼，保證了玄奘在太宗逝世以後的譯經事業。
四、玄奘的政治理想，是被學者們所忽視的一個問題。這大概是因為大家都認為佛教是出世的，玄奘是一位翻譯家和佛學大師，對政治沒有多少興趣。本文說明玄奘本人雖然無意參與政治，但是在他回國以後的歲月中，一直在和政治核心人物打交道﹔並且在不同的場合中，直接或間接的表示出他的政治理想。玄奘政治理想的記載，主要的是「三藏法師傳」第六卷，和他翻譯的「瑜伽師地論」第六十一卷。尤其是後者。可能是這本為玄奘重視的經典，並沒有得到應得的重視，所以他才於唐太宗去世，高宗繼位的那一年中，又把「瑜伽師地論」第六十一卷，重新譯出，冠以更明顯更富政治性的篇名─「王法正理論」。「三藏法師傳」卷六的記載表示，玄奘的政治主張，是君權中心論。換句話說，皇帝的才智，決定一切，「無假於人」。
五、「瑜伽師地論」的政治理想，比較更有系統，它把國王領導、大府庫（財力），大輔佐和大軍眾列為四項建立國家的基本條件。其中國王的領導佔決定地位。這種政治理想是一種佛教化的烏托邦。佛教內容主要的表現於業力因果的菩薩道兩個方面。這種政治理想在印度的社會哲學裡面，當時算得是最平等、坦白和系統性的思想。我曾在另一篇英文論文中，有所討論﹔現在不必重復。[62]
如果把這種理想，放在中國文化傳統裡去加以考察，論中所講的王法「正理」，和中華文化在許多方面，都有抵觸。中國人的政治觀從周公旦以後，都是著重於德治，天命和宇宙力量都不在人事之內。「左傳」中的「皇天無親，
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惟德是輔」，[63]子產的名言：「天道遠，人道邇」都足以說明這種態度。[64]瑜伽學派把王法正理列入禪法，一圈套一圈的體系之內，實在不合中國人的胃口，作為一個日理萬機的政治家，誰有時間和精力去探求那些吃力而不實用的外國理論。
譬如文中雖提出「大府庫，大輔佐，大軍眾」之類的話，但是內容如何，原論並無討論。和此相反，中國的政府組織，由周到唐已形成一套有效的制度。美國研究中國政府機構的專家克拉克教授，認為唐代的行政改革，使當時的帝國建制。已達到最成熟的階段。[65]瑜伽學派的政治理論，在中國沒有銷路是可以想像的。
再加上歷史上的例子，如梁武帝佞佛亡國之類的指責，都會使任何有頭腦的統治者，不可能把國家財力，集中於「共修惠施，樹福受齋，堅持禁戒」那樣的功德。
以上各節說明，玄奘的政治理想，和其無法在中國受到重視，都是有其原因的。與此同時，玄奘並不是一位遊心域外，對政治一點也不留心的法師。
一九八四、十二、廿三日於漢彌敦
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這篇論文中，主要資料，使用下列各種代號：
「傳」─ 「大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳」。唐，慧立本，彥悰箋。「大正新修大藏經」，第五十卷。
「記」─「大唐西域記」。唐玄奘述，辯機記。明代嘉興藏木刻本，上海一九五五年影印本。
「瑜」─「瑜伽師地論」。唐玄奘譯，靈慧等筆受。「大正新修大藏經」，第三十卷。
「王」─「王法正理論」。唐玄奘譯﹔大乘林筆受。「大正新修大藏經」，第三十一卷。
「研究」─「玄奘大師研究」，上、下。張曼濤主編。台北：大乘文化出版社，民六六年排印本。
[1] 玄奘年歲，爭論頗多，沒有一致的結論。今從呂澂主張，見「研究」，上冊，頁八，註一。這一生卒日期，在國外的著作中，也較為普遍。
[2] 「記」的英譯本，作以 Samuel Beal 的 Si-yu-ki： Buddhist Records of the Western World 為全譯本。
[3] 「傳」的早期歐文譯本，見羅香林著「玄奘法師年代考」，「研究」，上，頁二四 ─ 二五，註一。
[4] 「研究」，上，下冊。
[5] 見湯著「唐太宗與佛教」，收於「湯用彤學術論文集」(一九八三年中華書局排印本)，頁十一 ─ 十六；及其「隋唐佛教史稿」(一九八二年中華書局排印本)，頁十 ─ 十八。
[6] 見 Arthur F.Wright 與 D.Twitchett 合編 Perspectives on the T'ang ( New Haven： Yale University Press, 1973) 頁225─263。
[7] 見「舊唐書」，卷一八九上「儒學總論」。
[8] 同上，卷一九一「孫思邈傳」。
[9] 「續高僧傳」，卷二十四，智寶傳。「大正新修大藏經」，第五十卷，頁六三五上。
[10] 「續高僧傳」，卷二十二，玄琬傳。「大正新修大藏經」第五十卷，頁六一六中。
[11] 「舊唐書」，卷七九，傅奕傳。「帝頗然之」一語，「佛祖統紀」卷三十九作「帝深惡其言」，恐為不確。「大正新修大藏經」第四十九卷，頁三六三中。
[12] 「傳」，卷一，頁二二三上。
[13] 同上
[14] 「傳」，卷五，頁二五一下。
[15] 同上。
[16] 同上，頁二五二上。
[17] 同上。
[18] 「傳」，卷六，頁二五三上。
[19] 同上，頁二五五下。
[20] 同上，頁二五三上。
[21] 羅著「唐代天可汗制度考」，收於「唐代文化史」(台灣商務印書館，民國四十四年排印本)，頁五十四 ─ 八十七。
[22] 「傳」，卷六，頁二五三中。
[23] 同上。
[24] 「舊唐書」，卷七十九傅奕傳。
[25] 「傳」，卷六，頁二五六下。
[26] 見宋敏求編，「唐大詔令集」 (一九五九年，商務印書館排印本)，頁五八六。
[27] 見道宣撰，「廣弘明集」，卷二十八，「大正新修大藏經」第五十二卷，頁三二九上。
[28] 同上。
[29] 同上。
[30] 參閱李樹桐著：「玄武門之變及其對政治的影響」，收在「唐史考辨」 (台灣中華書局，民六十一年排印本)，頁一五三 ─ 一九一。
[31] 參閱「阿育王傳」，「未生冤經」等。
[32] 參閱陳垣著：「大唐西域記撰人辯機」，收於「陳垣學術論文集」第一冊 (一九八０年，中華書局排印本)，頁四四九 ─ 四七三。
[33] 「舊唐書」七十六卷，「恒山王承乾傳」。
[34] 「舊唐書」卷六十五：「新唐書」第一○五卷。
[35] 陳著：「唐代政治史述論稿」 (一九五六年三聯書店排印版)，頁六十。
[36] 「傳」，卷七，頁二五七中、下。
[37] 王溥撰「唐會要」(世界書局，民四十九年排印本)，中冊，卷四十八，頁八四五。
[38] 「傳」，卷六，頁二五五上。
[39] 同上，頁二五五上 ─ 下。
[40] 同上，頁二五六上。
[41] 同上，卷七，頁二五八下 ─ 二五九上。
[42] 同上，頁二六０上
[43] 同上。
[44] 同上。
[45] 「唐玄奘法師年譜」，「研究」，上冊，頁二八三
[46] 「傳」，卷一，頁二二二下。
[47] 同上，卷三，頁二三四上。
[48] 同上，頁二三六下。
[49] 同上，頁二三八下。
[50] 同上，卷六，頁二五五下 ─ 二五六上。
[51] 同上，頁二五六上。
[52] 「大正新修大藏經」第三十一卷，頁八五六上。
[53] 「大正新修大藏經」第三十卷，頁六三八中。
[54] 「記」，卷二，頁七上。
[55] 同上，頁七下。原文茲作「慈」字，誤，今從別本改正。
[56] 「大正新修大藏經」第三十一卷，頁八五七上；參閱同書第三十卷，頁六三九中。
[57] 同上，第三十一卷，頁八五七下、八五八上；及第三十卷，頁六四○上 ─ 下。
[58] 同上，頁八五八上、下；及六四○下，六四一上。
[59] 同上，頁八五八下；六四一上。
[60] 同上，頁八五九下；六四二下。
[61] 同上，頁八六０上；六四二下。
[62] 見Y"un-hua jan, "RājadharmaIdealin Yogacara Buddhism" 收在 Religion and Society in Ancient India: Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya Commemoration Volume P.Jash 博士編 ( Calcutta,Roy ＆ Chowdhury Co., 1984) 頁221 ─ 234。
[63] 「左傳」，僖公五年引「周書」。
[64] 同書，昭公十八年。參閱徐復觀著，「中國人性論史：先秦篇」 (台灣商務印書館，民五十八年排印本)，頁五一 ─ 六二。
[65] 參閱 E.A. kracke.Jr. "the Chinese and the Art of Government" The Logacy of China 一書中 ( Raymond Dawson 編，牛津大學出版社，一九六四年本)，頁三０九 ─ 三三九。由先秦儒家发轫的诗教说，经过汉儒从时代政治角度胶着考释诗意的发展，产生了风雅正变的政治文学观。这样在使文学保持对社会生活的热忱的同时，也使作为人类心理——情感表现的审美创造被扭成了国家治乱兴衰的“晴雨表”。由于中国古代社会结构的和思想体系的稳定性，这种政治与文学敏感对应的“审音知政”文学观就成了考察文学的恒久不变的视角，历代统治者无不借用这副古老的盔甲作为经邦治国的思想武器，把文学纳入其思想体系之中。唐初统治者亦不例外。在贞观时期为了“多识前古，贻鉴将来”[1]而修撰的一批近代史书的总体框架中[2]，文学是其中一个有机的组成部分，在有关传论中比较系统地评述了从远古到陈隋的文学演变史。他们在对崇圣尚质儒家文学观和有关教化的政治文学观的自觉认同中，对近代文学（按：指魏晋南北朝文学，下同）尤其是“宫体诗”兴起以来的文学现象展开了异口同声的批判，在此基础上发表了他们对未来文学的宏观构想。贞观时期这场声势浩大的儒家文学观重建运动，以其积极性和局限性，对贞观宫廷诗风的生成产生影响。
一
汉儒开创的“风雅正变”诗教观，虽然标举颂美和乐之“正声”与怨刺哀思之“变声”，但显然是以“乐而不淫，哀而不伤”[3]的温柔敦厚原则为祈向，安乐中和因与太平治世相取系而得到了特别推崇，因此，文学也就成了“经夫妇，成孝敬，厚人伦，移风俗”（《毛诗序》）的工具，并由此建立起一整套有明确价值标准的批评话语系统。然而东汉以来的持续动乱，魏晋玄学的勃兴,儒家文学观受到了冲击，“诗缘情”[4]审美文学观更是对“诗言志”功利文学观的有力挑战，文学走上了表达个人情志的轨道。文学观念的更新引发了艺术文化形态的嬗变，文学的审美特质得以空前张扬。然而，南朝后期“宫体诗”淫亵卑弱的格调，使诗歌情性的发抒走入了歧途；“赏好异情而意制相诡”[5]的“新变”，又使艺术表现朝着文浮于质乃至以文灭质的方向发展。因此，从历史和逻辑来看，随之而来的反拔都是势所必然的。刚刚一统南北的贞观君臣，在着手新王朝的礼乐建设时，文学观念的重建也理所当然的摆上了议事日程，他们以高度的理性自觉进行着儒家文学观的重建，掀起了一场轰轰烈烈的儒家文学观的宣传运动。
长期以来，学界流行一种观点，认为唐初统治者在文化上采取了宽松灵活的态度，儒、道、释三教并行。事实上贞观时期大致上是儒风盛行，活跃开放不足。唐太宗李世民对佛教表面上似乎也算热心，如建寺院，度僧众，设斋饭僧等，然而其“所修功德，多别有用心”[6]，实际上则一直采取抑制政策[7]；在因“宗承柱下”而上演的“崇道尊祖”政治闹剧中亦不过是以儒说道。在贞观君臣心目中，儒家思想才是经邦立国的指导思想，是创业守成、作训垂范的精神支柱。他们“解戌衣而开学校，饰贲帛而礼儒生。”[8]，对儒家思想的倡导不仅不遗余力，而且采取了一系列切实的措施，成了他们经常性的活动，《旧唐书·儒学传上》云：
贞观二年，停以周公为先圣，始立孔子庙于国学[9]，以宣父为先圣， 颜子为先师，大征天下儒士，以为学官。（太宗）数幸国学，令祭酒、博士讲论，毕，赐以束帛，学生能通一大经已上，咸得署吏，又于国学增筑学舍一千二百间，太学、四门博士亦增置生员……有能通经者，听之贡举。是时四方儒士，多抱负典籍，云会京师。……鼓箧而升讲筵者，八千余人，济济洋洋焉。儒学之盛，古昔未之有也。
由这段史料可以想见当年崇儒热情之高涨。这些政策措施的实施，从制度上保证了儒学成为凌驾于诸说之上的思想权威；“筑学堂”、“增生员”诸举措，奠定了儒学复兴的物质基础；“置吏”、“贡举”的世俗利益，意在诱导广大士人对儒学独尊地位的实际支持，从而造成了“天下儒士”得以“擢以不次，布在廊庙者甚众”[10]的局面。作为一代雄主，李世民对“儒者难与进取，可与守成”的道理[11]，可谓是无师自通，洞若观火。李世民不仅使当代儒士尽入其彀中，而且对前代名儒旌彰有加。贞观十四年十二月下诏，指出梁朝皇侃、褚仲都，陈朝沈文阿、张讥，北周熊安生、沈重，隋代何妥、刘炫等前代名儒“既行其道，理合褒崇”；贞观二十一年又诏以左丘明、卜子夏、公羊高、穀梁赤等二十二位先儒配享孔子庙[12]。吴兢评云：“太宗是举，亦前代帝王所未及行也……太宗之崇儒重道，顾不美哉！”[13]同时，贞观君臣还“锐意经籍”，开展了大规模的“制礼作乐”活动，为儒家思想的学习与普及提供了一批“统编教材”。据《唐会要》卷三十六“修撰”条及两《唐志》，主要有颜师古《五经定本》，房玄龄等人修定的《五礼》，孔颖达《五经正义》，魏徵《郡书治要》、《类礼》，李袭誉《忠孝图》等，几乎倾朝中全班人马参与其事，或集体修撰，或个人编述，往往规模宏伟，意在综合已有，斟酌得失，“去伪存真”，以实现版本与经义两方面的统一。唐太宗李世民亦身体力行，著述勤奋，他的《帝范》、《金镜录》、《自鉴录》等，着眼现实，总结既往，以儒家思想警示群臣，轨则后嗣，竭力从儒家经典中寻找建构新社会的思想工具。李世民曾一再表示：“朕所好者，唯周孔之道，以为如鸟有翼，如鱼有水，失之则死，不可暂无也。”[14]魏徵亦有类似的表述：“儒之为教大矣！其利物博矣！……虽世或污隆，而斯文不坠，经邦致治，非一时也。”[15]昭然可见儒教在贞观君臣心目中的崇高地位，儒学作为治国之根本的基本国策已确然而立。
上之所好，下必有甚。最高统治者的大力倡导，必然导致朝野上下对儒学无以复加的推崇，形成以儒家思想观察、思考问题的视角，使贞观时期社会生活的方方面面充满着浓重的儒学色彩，儒家文学观的畅行亦成势所必然。综观贞观君臣的有关言论，他们强调的是文学的政治与伦理价值，在对文学现象的认识上形成了以明确的价值判断为中心的评判标准。《隋书·文学传序》云：
文之为用大矣哉！上所以敷德教于下，下所以达情志于上，大则经纬天地，作训垂范，次则风谣歌颂，匡主和民。
这样，随着文学自觉而树立的“缘情”文学观被摒落，文学失去了其审美存在，成了政治教化的工具，其旨归乃在“作训垂范”、“匡主和民”，其功用似乎仅是君臣、官民之间沟通的传媒。显然，这与《毛诗序》“风，风也，教也，风以动之，教以化之”以及“上以风化下，下以风刺上”的汉儒诗教观如出一辙。《隋书·经籍志》进一步申论云：
……君尊于上，臣卑于下，面称为谀，目谏为谤，故诵美讥恶，以风刺之。初但歌咏而已，后之君子，因被管弦，以存劝诫。
所谓“导达心灵，歌咏情志”云云，只不过是“诗者，言其志也；歌者，咏其声也”（《礼记·乐记》）和“诗者，志之所之也”（《毛诗序》）等汉代经生言论的翻版，而“诵美讥恶”实与“论功颂德，所以将顺其美；刺过讥失，所以匡救其恶”（郑玄《诗谱序》）的“主文而谲谏”（《毛诗序》）同一声口。这样，文学就只能是“被管弦”来“存劝诫”，成为臣民递交给君主一张言辞委婉、态度温和的表章、谏纸，由此而来的“温柔敦厚”风格，必然因对情感的扼制而有悖于文学的本质。但在贞观君臣心目中，这样的“文学”似乎天经地义，是确立文学地位与价值的尺度。《周书·王褒庾信传》云：
两仪定位，日月扬辉，天文彰矣；八卦以陈，书契有作，地文详矣！……故能范围天地，纲纪人伦，穷神知化，称首于千古；经邦纬俗，藏用于百代，至矣哉！
可以看出，史臣们让文学肩负起了“经邦纬俗”、“纲纪人伦”的“重任”，并且是一条难以逾越的律令。如此对文学地位的“提升”，必然成为对文学鲜活生命力的羁縻，文学缘情而作，以情感人的审美特征被抛入了爪洼国中。
汉儒以“风雅正变”论诗，把颂美和乐作为诗之“正声”，要求文学通过“美盛德之形容”来“润色鸿业”（班固《两都赋序》）。在贞观史臣的文学观念中，颂扬帝国气象、帝王功德也成了文学的重要功能。《梁书·文学传论》云：
经礼乐而纬国家，通古今而述美德，非文莫可，是以君临天下者，莫不敦悦其义，缙绅之学，咸贵尚其道，古往今来，未之能移。
通过“述美德”来“敦悦”君主，非文学莫可，缘儒术以美化王权，饰文采以润色鸿业，成了文学“古往今来，未之能移”的“永恒主题”，文学只能是兴礼乐、夸盛德的太平点缀。在此基础上，他们还在具体的运作细节上指明了“述美德”的路径。《陈书·文学传序》云：
《易》曰观乎天文以化成天下，孔子曰焕乎其有文章也。自楚汉以降，辞人世出，洛?江左，其流弥畅，莫不思侔造化，明并日月。大则宪章典谟，裨赞王道；小则文理清正，申抒性灵，至于经礼乐，综人伦，通古今，述美恶，莫尚于文。
就是要从天地合德的角度铺陈典实词藻，“控引天地，错综古今”（《西京杂记》），竭力侈大其词，壮大声势，造成“经纬乾坤，弥纶中外”[16]的气势，以张扬帝国鸿业与帝王声威。由此，汉儒“美盛德之形容”的抽象原则也就被发展成了具体的可操作的“技术”，而綦组锦绣、宏衍巨丽而造成的严谨整饰、拘束正统的风格，在抹杀文学丰富多采的个性的同时，亦使文学再度沦入“为赋乃俳，见视如倡”[17]的境地。
此类经天纬地的文学观念，既是对“沿圣以垂文，圣因文而明道”[18]观点的因袭，也是对李世民“礼乐之兴，以儒为本；弥风导俗，莫尚于文”[19]思想所作的发挥。以此为准则，贞观君臣对符合崇圣尚质儒家文学观的作品极力赞赏。史载李世民褒赞臣下诗赋作品的事例颇多，很多都是从政教角度出发的。如李百药作《赞道赋》，述古今储贰事，以诫太子，太宗极加褒扬，“赐厩马匹，彩物三百缎”[20]；称赞魏徵《赋西汉诗》，“魏征每言，必约我以礼”[21]；张蕴古作《大宝箴》以作规诫，“太宗嘉之，赐物三百缎，乃授大理丞”[22]。于志宁志在匡救，撰《谏苑》二十卷讽之，太宗大悦，赐黄金十斤，绢三百匹[23]。对前代亡国之君隋炀帝，亦不因人废文，对其中符合征圣崇质文学观的作品予以正面评价，魏征云：“词无浮荡．……并存雅体，归于典则”；李世民评云：“文辞古博，亦知是尧舜而非舛纣。”[24]
在这场轰轰烈烈的儒家思想观念重建与不遗余力的尊崇的背后，隐含的是儒学的僵化，使儒学再一次回复到了汉末经学的模式，一定程度上扼杀了儒学的生机与活力。正如高观如先生所论：“唐太宗以好学之君，……奖励儒学。置弘文馆，招天下名儒为学官，选文学之士为学士。鉴于南北朝以来经义纷争，久而莫决，为欲学说之统一，使颜师古校正五经之脱误，令孔颖达撰五经正义……。自五经正义厘定后，南北学派之争端虽泯，而儒学思想亦坐是而不进矣。”[25]从以上言论可以看出，贞观君臣以政治和伦理价值为旨归，把文学感发人心的功能局囿在政治教化上，使文学成了政治的“婢女”。这显然不是他们的发明，不过是对征圣尚质儒家文学观的简单复归。不可否认他们为矫正南朝文学萎弱格调以建立新的文学风貌的良苦用心，然而从文学创作和理论的内在发展看，其扞格不通自不待言，以此为视角来审视“文学自觉”的历史已延续很久以后的文学现象，必然无视文学“缘情”的特征，从而造成对文学审美品格的全面颠覆。
二
唐王朝在战乱的废墟上崛起，近代以来幕幕亡国悲剧使贞观君臣骇目惊心，汲取前车之鉴以保皇祚永固成了他们的当务之急。史臣们在审视近代文学尤其是“宫体诗”兴起以来的文学现象时，惊奇地发现历代帝王皆好丽辞，在以“宫体诗”为中心的近代后期文学中，艳情、女性占据了显目的地位。申正绌变、审音知政的汉儒政治文学观给他们提供了观察问题的视角，因而他们很自然地将文学文风与国家的治乱兴衰直接勾连起来。“宫体诗”将美女和艳情大量引入诗中更触动了他们敏感的神经，因为按正统诗教，写男女之情就是郑卫之音，郑卫之音就是亡国之音。因而，一场口诛笔伐的大批判就自然展开了。
率先为这场大批判定下基调的当属那位“以万机之暇，游息艺文”[26]的唐太宗李世民。《帝京篇·序》云：
观列代之皇王,考当时之行事，轩昊舜禹之上，信无间然矣。至于秦皇、周穆、汉武、魏明，峻宇雕墙，穷侈极丽……九州无以称其求，覆亡颠沛，不亦宜乎？予追踪百王之末，江海不能赡其欲，驰心千载以下，慷慨怀古，想彼哲人。庶以尧舜之风，荡秦汉之弊；用咸英之曲，变烂漫之音。
作为一代开国帝王，“覆亡颠沛”的政治教训是他思考问题的兴奋点；作为宫廷诗坛的核心人物，避免美文败政是他考察文学现象的基点。他对文学的要求是以“尧舜之风”、“咸英之曲”即儒家政教文学观来批判、荡涤“烂漫之音”。贞观初，李世民对监修国史的房玄龄等人提出史书修撰的原则：“文体淳华，无益劝诫，何暇书之简策？”对那些“词直理切，可裨于政理者，……皆须备载”[27]。这种基于“匡世济时”视角的言论，显然直接袭自汉儒“为世用者，百篇无害；不为世用者，一章无补”的“尊用”文学观[28]。与李世民志同道合的股肱之臣魏徵更是推波助浪，直接将文学与国家兴亡相对应。《群书治要·序》云：
近古皇王，时有撰述，并皆包括天地，牢笼群有，竟采浮艳之词，争驰迂诞之说，骋末学之传闻，饰雕虫之小技，愈失司契之源；流荡忘返，殊途同致，术总百端，弥乖得一之旨。
从对“近古皇王”的指责中，表现了从政治兴衰角度观察文学现象的儒学眼光。视文学为“末学之传闻”、“雕虫之小技”，只不过是汉儒视文学文人为博弈倡优的老调重弹，“浮艳”、“迂诞”之论则所指甚明，显示出用国家政权的力量来干涉文学，以一种近于教条的思想意识来规范文学风格的倾向，并且“因它的‘绝对的’政治权威性而遗毒于后世并开启了历代统治者强行干预文学的先河。”[29]
显而易见，这些言论表现了在儒家文学观念支配下审美趣味的狭隘。以此为基点，史臣们从审音知政的角度，对近代后期文学展开了激烈批判，对风靡梁、陈两代“宫体诗”从内容到形式给予了不加分析的全盘否定。《隋书·文学传序》云：
梁自大同之后，雅道沦缺，渐乖典则，争驰新巧。简文、湘东启其淫放，徐陵、庾信分路扬镳，其意浅而繁，其文匿而彩，词尚轻险，情多哀思，格以延陵之听，盖亦亡国之音乎！
内容上“雅道沦缺，渐乖典则”，与儒家思想不符；风格上“尚轻险”、“多哀思”，与“温柔敦厚”趣味相左；形式上词采新巧，轻绮艳丽，与儒家传统审美观有悖，由此竟能导致亡国灭族，何等之怵目惊心！史臣们完全以政治原因来解释文学现象，把文风与亡国捆绑在了一起。《北齐书·文苑传序》云：
江左梁末，弥尚轻险，始自储宫，刑乎流俗。杂沾滞以成音，故虽悲而不雅。原夫两朝（按，指梁、北齐）叔世，俱肆淫声，而齐氏变风，属于弦管；梁时变雅，在夫篇什。莫非易俗所致，并为亡国之音；而应变不殊，感物或异，何哉？盖随君上之情欲也……雅以正邦，哀以亡国。
洋洋洒洒，言之凿凿，然而不过是对“治世之音安以乐，其政和；乱世之音怨以怒，其政乖；亡国之音哀以思，其民困”、“声音之道与政通”等汉儒政治文学观所作的发挥。如果说史臣们对儒家文学观的正面倡导还算客观冷静的话，那么这里的反面批判可谓是义愤填膺的投入。在他们看来，安乐平和之“正声”和太平治世相联系，而怨怒哀思之“变声”可与乱世亡国划上等号，此“变声”又直接导源于表现“情欲”之轻险淫声，因而郑重告诫当今君上，当引以此为鉴，莫蹈覆辙。
由南入北的王褒、庾信后期诗风大变，以“凌云健笔”抒怨愤之慨，颇多“乡关之思”，但史臣们仍不放过，对他们的文学行为进行了严厉指责。《周书·王褒庾信传论》云：
然则子山之文，发源于宋末，盛行于梁季。其体以淫放为本，其词以轻险为宗，故能夸目侈于红紫，荡心逾于郑卫。昔扬子有言：“诗人之赋丽以则，词人之赋丽以淫。”若以庾氏方之，斯又词赋之罪人也。
庾信前期诗风轻倩绮丽，后期诗因融入身世之慨而刚健清新，其“穷缘情之绮靡，尽体物之浏亮” [30]的特色，可谓既集六朝之大成，又启唐人之先鞭[31]，体现了南北诗风融合与诗歌艺术演进的内在趋向。而在史臣们儒学政治文学观“变色镜”的透视下，却是内容上因“淫放”而“荡心”，形式上由“红紫”而“轻险”，成了远过于“郑卫之音”的“词赋之罪人”。这样，他们很自然地把文风“轻险”、“淫放”导致亡国归咎于某种个人行为，认为文风的正变与君主个体兴趣的推导关系密切，是君主之喜好淫丽文风导致梁、陈各代的相继覆亡。《隋书·经籍志集部总论》云：
梁简文之在东宫，亦好篇什。清辞巧制，止乎衽席之间；雕琢曼藻，思极闺闱之内。后生好事，递相放习，朝野纷纷，号为宫体。流宕不已，讫于丧亡。陈氏因之，末能全变……文章道尽
“宫体诗”对女性人体容貌美的描绘观赏被歪曲成了“衽席”、“闺闱”之内的淫亵龌龊，承“永明体”而来的“清辞巧制”、“雕琢曼藻”也成了被否定的对象，这些又被简单地定性为“亡国之音”，指出正是君主之爱好淫曲丽文，导致人心不古、世风日下，致使邦覆国倾。史臣们似乎并不满足于一般的陈述，进而把它提升到了“理论”的高度，把“丽文亡国”作为一种历史的必然标示了出来。《陈书·后主记》在描述了后主爱好淫词丽曲而致“众叛亲离”的史实后，引出结论云：
古人云：亡国之主，多有才艺。考之梁、陈及隋，信非虚论。然则不崇教义之本，偏尚淫丽之文，徒长浇伪之风，无救乱亡之祸矣。
为了炯诫时主，唐初史臣更多地把关注的目光投向了亡国的教训，即所谓“鉴国之安危，必取之亡国”[31]，而“亡国”又直接导源于人主之“才艺”——“偏尚淫丽之文”：文风淫丽导致世风浇沩，多才多艺必成“亡国之主”，二者联系是如此紧密，简直成了一种不可违扭的历史必然。这种文能败道、乱国乃至亡国的本末倒置之论，其偏颇与武断到了无以复加的地步。对魏徵们的苦心，李世民亦感同身受，曾感慨云：“末代亡国之主，为恶多相类也。”[32]并曾有以反对为自己编辑文集以“避嫌”的矫情之举。
这类今天看来颇为耸人听闻的言论，当年在贞观君臣那里却是正襟危坐的谠言正论。显然，这不过是用重政治伦理的功利文学观作为评判标准，对近代文学所作的价值评判。如前所论，汉儒文学观以传统儒学为依托，强调用诗来改善与强化现实政治，在使文学获得崇高而神圣的地位的同时，使得文学表现的范围与深度大大减少；“发乎情，止乎礼仪”的训诫，一方面使文学保持典雅持重的品格，同时必然削弱文学对万千世界、复杂心灵的审美丰富性，从而束缚乃至窒息文学的生机。显然，贞观君臣对宫体诗的批判更多的是基于政治家眼光的儒学的和政治的批判，而非文学的或审美的评价。
南朝后期风靡一时的宫体诗，其美学特征正如研究者所论，主要表现为形式体制的“新”与题材内容的“艳”。这既是由“永明体”开端的南朝文学尽态极艳、争新竞异“新变”的结果，又是南朝特定的政治、经济环境引发的审美趣味变化的表现以及长期以来对文学审美本质探索的结果[33]。这就一方面避免了遗风尚存的“玄言诗”因堕入形而上的“理窟”而导致诗性美的丧失，另一方面又不至过于认同于形而下的庸常人生而放弃艺术的美感追求。因此，笔者认为，宫体诗更多的是对“缘情绮靡”诗歌美学观的实践。所“缘”之情固多“艳情”，但也透露了一点诗人心底的情性意趣，证明着诗人对具有审美特性的个人情感的发现与认识；而“绮靡”则是指美感形式的妃青丽白、秾丽精工，这显然是一种强烈的唯美追求。正是这种唯美追求有效地阻止了情感的无节制渲泄，从而使宫体诗避免了过于荒唐淫亵。细察宫体作品，所描写的大多是经过审美距离净化的“影里细腰”、“镜中好面”[34]之类，近于不堪的色情描写为数极少。如历来被视为典型“宫体诗”的萧纲《咏内人昼眠》：
北窗聊就枕，南檐日未斜。攀钩落绮幛，插捩举琵琶。梦笑开娇靥，眠鬟压落花。簟纹生玉腕，香汗浸红纱。夫婿恒相伴，莫误是娼家。
以观赏的眼光写一青年女子睡态之慵媚、肌肤之细腻，虽说不上有什么“真情”的投入，但其情调总体上来说并非邪思。这首诗“曾被斥为‘色情’、‘肉欲’的描写，但凭心而论，这样的结论未免罚过于罪，未必恰当。”[35]因此，宫体诗尽管有诸多缺陷，但它毕竟扩大了诗歌表现的领域，在审美价值观上，率先突破了汉儒托情言志的“规定”，在美感形式、表现技巧上巩固了“永明体”以来在声韵调上成果并有所发展，诗体更趋精炼，语言更加平易明快，描摹越发细密精巧，“可以说是一种讲究词藻，趋向律化的新变体”[36]。明人王世贞《艺苑卮言》云：“六朝之末，衰风盛矣。然其偶俪颇切，音响稍谐，一变而雅，遂为唐体；再加整栗，便成沈宋。”
当代英国美学家瑞恰慈曾经指出：“一种过于狭隘的价值观点，或一种过于简单的道德伦理观念通常是对文学艺术误解的原因。”[37]基于文学与政治、道德伦理之间关系的“政治批评”与“道德批评”，在中国古代一直是处于主流地位的话语方式，其具体表现为依据一定的政治标准与道德观念对文学现象做出价值评判，而由于对“场外”使命的过度屈从，导致文学自身的特质与使命的“缺席”。贞观君臣着眼于近代各朝短命而亡的“殷鉴”角度，完全从政治实用与道德伦理的功利目的出发来审视文学现象，无视文学首先是审美这一大前提，无从认识文学发展的内在规律，其迂阔偏颇显而易见，其实际效用也就不言而喻了。也许，历史事实对此做出了最好的注脚。史臣们一方面一本正经地作着大批判，一方面又在文酒诗会的应制应景中作着与前朝趣味几乎相同的诗，即使作为这场大批判载体的史书，亦是“远弃史、班，近宗徐、庾，夫以饰彼轻薄之句，而编为史籍之文”，呈现出“加粉黛于壮夫，服绮纨于高士”[38]的不伦不类景观，在艺术文化风尚的的强固性规律面前，儒家文学观显示出其外在“规定”的生硬与隔膜，理论观念的建设者与批判的实施者只能停留在空言论道的层面上，他们只不过是以高度的理性精神相互砥砺，而难以融入到创作实践中去。
三
就其本质而言，文学是人类情感的审美表现，其终极目的在于以情感人。然而在儒家文学观念中，颂美和乐与怨刺哀思的政治功利成了文学的本质，情感的因素受到了挤压，最终导致在政治教化的深度模式中，文学主体思想自由的丧失与情感意绪的泯灭。如前所述，魏晋南北朝时期，随着儒学的式微，情感的活跃，文学中情的因素得到强化，虽然到南朝后期的宫体诗中，情的表达走入了歧途，导致格调的低下与意韵的浮浅，但是毕竟多少透露出了一点盘旋于诗人心头的情感意绪。然而当贞观君臣以汉儒政治文学观来审视这一文学现象时，不是从根本上来改造性情，而是对其中本以少得可怜的一点性情也予以彻底摒落。
然而文学在这四百年间毕竟取得了长足发展，史臣们也无法完全回避这一事实，但是他们采取了釜底抽薪的方法，拘守以颂美王政为雅音，而雅音必须典丽的儒家文学观，在除去其中品位不高的情性的同时，转而对其中尚能为其颂圣述美活动服务的典实词藻大加誉扬。
李世民的文学评价活动就集中体现了这一倾向。他亲自为《隋书》、《晋书》撰写了四篇论赞和序[39]。在《晋书·陆机传论》中，李世民对这位“太康之英”赞赏有加，论云：
文藻宏丽，独步当时；言论慷慨，冠乎终古。高词迥映，如朗月之悬光；叠意回舒，若重岩之积秀。千条析理，则电坼霜开；一绪连文，则珠流璧合。其词深而雅，其义博而显。故足远超枚、马，高蹑王、刘，百代文宗，一人而已。
陆机为文繁缛赡密，时人张华曾讥之“患太多”[40]，沈德潜认为其诗“通赡自足，而绚采无力”，“令阅者白日欲卧”[41]。事实上，陆机不惟是“缘情绮靡”诗美观的揭橥者，而且不少诗抒发了深沉的情感，诗风“清怨”，其《怀旧》九首，人或谓之“杜之美《八哀》之祖”[42]。李世民却舍此取彼，对士衡诗之“缛旨星稠，繁文绮合”[43]赞赏不已。除此之外，李世民对臣下作品亦多是从文辞缛丽、文思敏捷角度进行褒奖的。《旧唐书·杨师道传》云：
师道退朝之后，必引当时英俊，宴集园池，而文会之盛，当时莫比。雅善篇什……酣赏之际，援笔直书，有如宿构。太宗见之，必讽嗟赏之。
此类文酒诗会中的唱和应酬，自是流连光景之词，靠词藻堆砌、外物铺陈而迅速成篇，思想感情、内涵意蕴方面无深刻独到可言。《全唐诗》录存《安德山池宴集》诗一组，唱和者多有史臣。李百药诗云：“上才同振藻，小技谬连章。”褚遂良诗云；“良朋比兰蕙，雕藻迈琼琚。”许敬宗诗云：“宴游穷至乐，谈笑毕良辰。”可见这些“上才”、“良朋”不过是以雅音清韵、词藻雕饰为务，以此来流连光景，优游乐处，太宗之嗟赏正为此而发。《旧唐书》卷七六载李世民对近臣称赏皇子李泰云：“泰文辞美丽，岂非才士？我心中念泰，卿等可知。”魏王李泰以“文辞美丽”而得父皇赏爱，几被立为太子。宫廷作为当时宫廷的中心，李世民又是宫廷诗坛的核心人物，其趣味赏好具有标示风气的作用，必然引导宫廷诗人把性情搁置一边，而以词藻堆砌、外物铺陈来应制颂美。
贞观宫廷诗人大多历梁、陈、隋而来，受到南朝艺术趣味的浓重薰染，入唐后新的时代氛围和自身所处的实际地位，使他们在剥离南朝诗中格调不高的性情的同时，自然延承了传统宫廷诗的审美趣味并有所发展，胡应麟所谓“视梁、陈神韵稍减，而富丽过之”[44]，就透露了其中的变化得失。贞观宫廷诗人正是在这一基点上认同前代诗歌的艺术成就与特色的。如屈原《离骚》，史臣们漠视其深沉的情感和对现实困境超越的审美价值以及“惊彩绝艳”的艺术成就，而为它贴上了“冀君觉悟”的儒家文学观标签，认为其艺术特色是“气质高丽，雅致清远”[45]、“宏才艳发，有侧隐之美”[54]。评贾谊作品是“继清景而奋其辉” [46]。对南朝诗人亦是从“辉焕斌蔚，辞义可观”的角度予以评价，如“延年错综之美，谢玄晖之藻丽，沈休文之富溢” [47]。对宫体诗大师徐陵亦捐弃前嫌，称赞其诗文“颇变旧体，缉裁巧密，多有新意”[48]。《隋书·文学传论》称赏江淹、潘岳等南朝诗人“缛采郁于云霞，逸响振于金石，英华秀发，波澜浩荡，笔有余力，词无竭源”。如此，贞观宫廷诗人对南朝诗艺完全采取“拿来主义”态度，拣取其中适合宫廷诗颂圣述美的典实词藻来为其所用，把文学引向了可以不与性情相干的外物铺陈，因为他们需要的本来就是装饰性的点缀与外在的铺陈，而不是诗人的性情。
“一代有一代之文学。”[49]贞观君臣在以儒家文学观为依托对近代文学展开批判的同时，也在构想着自己时代文学的未来面貌。《隋书·文学传序》云：
江左宫商发越，贵乎清绮；河朔词义贞刚，重乎气质。气质则理胜其词，清绮则文过其意，理深者便于时用，文华者宜于咏歌，此其南北词人得失之大较也。若能掇彼清音，简兹累句，各去所短，合其两长，则文质斌斌，尽善尽美矣。
这段话屡屡为人所称引，被认为是首次明确提出了合南北之长以构建新的文学风貌的理论设想，体现了实现大一统后，贞观君臣观察、思考问题的新视角和恢宏气度[50]。此论固不无道理。然而细按原文可知，其实质仍不过是征圣崇质儒家文学观和有关教化的汉儒政治文学观的翻版。且无论其所构想的“文质斌斌，尽善尽美”文学面貌本身就是儒家文学诗教话语的舶来，就是在具体论述中也有鲜明体现。如对南北文学的概括，认为南方重文，其特征是文词的清绮绚丽和音节的抑扬易咏，这与上述之重词藻典实、摒落情性并无二致；北方主气，其特征是理胜词质、“便于时用”，而“时用”云云又只能是“匡主和民，以存劝诫”之类。显然，这里使用的仍不过是儒家阐释主体操作下所凝固成的理论语境，其所侧重的是“便于时用”的功利目的，“宜于咏歌”的“清绮”只不过处于陪衬地位。如此而成的文学风貌与盛唐诗由情意充盈而达成的“如羚羊挂角，无迹可求”，“剔透玲珑，不可凑泊”[51]的境界无疑南辕北辙，而只能是儒家文学观和宫廷文学趣味的反映。这种基于伸正诎变实用文学观而形成的重实际的文艺政策，通过“学术化”潜入文学的内部机制，造成了贞观宫廷诗风堆砌雍蔽而乏疏朗灵动的总体风格。如这段话还嫌模糊的话，下面一段文字的阐释就更为明晰了。《周书·王褒庾信传论》云：
摭六经、百氏之英华，探屈、宋、卿云之秘奥。其调也尚远，其旨也在深，其理也贵当，其词也欲巧。然后莹金璧，播兰芝，文质因其宜，繁约适其变，权衡轻重，斟酌古今，和而能壮，丽而能典，焕乎若五色之成章，纷乎若八音之繁会。
这里虽然表达了较为通达的态度，然而与《隋书》所论实质全同，其话语方式亦不过是南朝文论中“折衷派”话语的移植[52]。认为文学应具有和庄、丽典的风格及五色成章、八音繁会的风貌，显然也不过是儒家文学理想与宫廷诗审美趣味的集中体现[53]，强调的仍不过是外物的罗列铺陈，词藻典实的雕琢堆砌，由此而成的文学只能是徒具宏整缛丽的体貌骨架，而缺乏情性的濡染、生气的灌注，难以产生震撼人心的艺术感染力。
总之，唐初的这场文学观念重建运动，无往不在的是征圣崇质的儒家文学观和有关教化的政治文学观。吴先宁先生认为：“制约文学优劣荣衰的条件是异常复杂多样的，只有有利于文学发展的外部条件和内部条件和谐、有机的结合，形成一股合力，才能推动文学蒸蒸日上，繁荣发展。”[54]一代的文学的繁荣需要开放活跃的文化环境。儒家文学观的复归，在把文学导向颂扬盛世以显其崇高与神圣的同时，也使诗人们的思想停留于此而步履沉重；功利因素的过分彰扬与强行介入，必然成为诗人的良知和人性的深度遮蔽，而因此而形成的“先器识而后文艺”的衡文选人标准，造成诗坛人员构成的单一，使诗坛难得景气。由此种种造成的文学的一体化、规范化直接导致诗歌中人性的僵化，进而造成个体抒情话语的丧失，因此，题材的狭窄与风格的单一也就势所难免。本来，“贞观之治”的政治背景为文学的发展提供了良好的外部条件，但是作为当时诗歌中心的宫廷诗坛却没有做出积极的回应，应制唱酬之作连篇累牍，不过是以颂圣述美为旨归，大量充斥着风花雪月、日常生活琐事的的狭窄题材，风格上徒具体貌而乏情少韵，与时代精神和社会文化的重构异辙，使处于文学主流的宫廷诗坛呈现出窘迫的局面。这种思想的“清醒”与意识的“模糊”，既暴露了将文学强行纳入政教轨道的失败，也是制约贞观诗坛发展繁荣的诸多因素之一。
注释：
[1] 高祖下诏语，见《旧唐书》卷七三《令狐德棻传》。
[2] 据《唐会要》卷三十六“修撰”条，官修近代史始议于武德四年，次年下诏实施，然而“绵历数载，竟不就而罢”；贞观三年，“于中书省置秘书内省，以修五代史”，贞观十年前后，基本告峻。主要有《梁书》、《陈书》（姚思廉），《北齐书》（李百药），《周书》（令狐德棻），《隋书》（魏征）《南史》、《北史》（李延寿），《晋书》（房玄龄、褚遂良等）。
[3] 《论语·八佾》。
[4] 陆机《文赋》：“诗缘情而绮靡。”
[5] [43]《宋书》卷六十七《谢灵运传论》。
[6] 汤用彤《隋唐佛教势力之消长》，载《隋唐佛教论稿》，中华书局1983年版。
[7] 高祖武德九年曾有抑佛之举，太宗曾两度颁诏抑制佛教，对以佛非儒之徒绳之以法，甚至处以极刑，对崇佛大臣予以廷辱与非难，在总结前代兴亡教训时，把导致“子孙覆亡而不暇，社稷俄顷而为墟”的原因归咎于统治者“穷心于释氏”、“锐意于法门”。参赵克尧、许道勋著《唐太宗传》第十五章，人民出版社1984年10月版。
[8] 《旧唐书》卷一百九十《文苑传上》。
[9] 据《旧唐书》卷一百八十九《儒学上》，武德二年，令于国子学立周公、孔子庙各一所，四时致祭；武德七年以周公为先圣，孔子配享，九年封孔子后代为褒圣公。
[10] [13]吴兢《贞观政要》卷第七《崇儒篇第二十七》。
[11] 叔孙通语，见《史记》卷九十九《叔孙通列传》。
[12] 《贞观政要》卷第七《崇儒学第二十七》吴兢评语。
[14] [24]《资治通鉴》卷一九二。
[15] 《隋书》卷七五《儒林传序》。
[16] 《晋书》卷九十二《文苑传序》。
[17] 《汉书·枚皋传》。
[18] 刘勰《文心雕龙·原道篇》。
[19] 李世民《帝范·崇文篇》，吴云、冀宇编校《唐太宗集》第232—233页，陕西人民出版社1986年版。
[20] [22]《贞观政要》卷四《规谏太子第十二》。
[21] 刘肃《大唐新语》卷八《文章第十八》。
[23] 《旧唐书》卷七八《于志宁传》。
[25] 高观如《唐代儒家与佛学》，张曼涛主编《佛教与中国文化》，上海书店1987年10月版。
[26] 李世民《帝京篇序》，《全唐诗》卷一。
[27] 《贞观政要》卷七《文史第二十八》。
[28] 王充《论衡·自纪篇》。
[29] 清水凯夫《论唐修〈晋书〉的性质》，《北京大学学报》1995年第5期。
[30] 宇文逌《庾信集序》，《全后周文》卷四。
[31] 《四库全书总目提要》卷一四八《集部·别集类一》：庾信之文“集六朝之大成，而导四杰之先路。”杨慎《升庵诗话》卷九：“庾信之诗，为梁之冠绝，启唐之先鞭。”
[31] 《贞观政要》卷八《刑法第三十一》。
[32] 《贞观政要》卷八《辨兴亡第三十四》。
[33] 参曹道衡、沈玉成《南北朝文学史》第十三章《从“永明体”到宫体诗》，人民文学出版社1991年12月版。
[34] 萧纲《答新渝侯和诗书》，《全梁文》卷十一。
[35] 曹道衡、沈玉成《南北朝文学史》第251页。
[36] 周振甫《＜春江花月夜＞的再认识》，载《学林漫录》第七辑，中华书局1983年版。
[37] 艾·阿·瑞恰慈《文学批评原理》中译本第57页，杨自伍译，百花洲文艺出版社1992年版。
[38] 刘知幾《史通》卷四《论赞第九》。
[39] 参《唐会要》卷三十六“修撰”条。
[40] 《世说新语·文学篇》刘孝标注引《文章传》。
[41] 沈德潜《说诗晬语》卷上。
[42] 《诗纪别集》引刘会孟语，转引自许文雨《詩品讲疏》。
[44] 胡应麟《诗薮·内篇》卷四评李世民《帝京篇》语。
[45] 《隋书》卷三十五《经籍志四》。
[54] [46]《周书》卷四十一《王褒庾信传论》。
[47] 《隋书》卷经籍志集部总论。
[48] 《陈书》卷二十六《徐陵传》。
[49] 王国维《宋元戏曲考·序》。
[50] 参尚定《关陇文化与贞观诗风》，《文学遗产》1992年第3期。
[51] 严羽《沦浪诗话·诗辨五》，郭绍虞《校释》本第26页，人民文学出版社1998年版。
[52] 参周勋初《梁代文论三派述要》，《中华文史论丛》第五辑，中华书局上海编辑所1964年版。
[53] 这类折衷调和之论，既是传统儒家中和思想的反映，亦是梁陈以来南朝文人的“口头禅”。如萧统《答湘东王求文集及＜诗苑英华＞书》云：“夫文典则累野，丽亦伤浮，能丽而不浮，典而不野，文质彬彬，有君子之致。”萧绎《内典碑铭集林序》：“艳而不华，质而不野，省而不率，文而有质，约而能润。”又如刘孝绰《昭明太子集序》：“深乎文者……，能使典而不野，远而不放，丽而不淫，约而不俭。”《全梁文》卷20、17、60。
[54] 吴先宁《北朝文化特质与文学进程》第73页，东方出版社1997年版黄永年先生在1986年发表的《所谓“永贞革新”》对“永贞革新”进行了全面否定，我的小说既然选择了这个题材，就不能对此保持沉默。虽然黄先生已仙逝多年，但他的观点近年来在学术界以外也产生了影响，我只好不管什么君子风度了。
“永贞革新”由于资料缺乏又多被篡改歪曲，王叔文集团的政治理想、施政方略反而不像“罪状”更严重的李训、郑注集团，无法全面了解，加上我的知识不足、能力有限，论证不可能很有力。具体的方式，也只能“攻其要点，不及其余”了。
“永贞革新”论者对王叔文集团“代表庶族地主阶级的新兴力量”的定性，黄先生在文章开始就进行了推断，考证出王叔文集团十四名成员（遗漏正史中缺载的李谅、李位二人）“除一人士庶难明外，属于士族的多至七人，有士族可能一人，相当于没落士族一人，剩下真正的庶族只有四人，还不到总数三分之一。”而其对立的七名朝官中“原为士族已趋没落者二人，庶族或士族之没落者一人，相当于庶族或没落士族一人，纯属庶族的倒有三人。”考证精详，无可辩驳。但据胡可先先生的研究，考证出王叔文集团十三名成员（未提房启）中，世代居住和祖上迁居吴越的共八人，吴越以外的只有五人，因此推断王叔文集团与朝官的矛盾主要是东南寒隽文士和北方士族之间的地域矛盾（《中唐政治与文学：以永贞革新为研究中心》）。这为“永贞革新”性质的研究开辟了一条新路，论点应该是能让人信服的。
黄先生分析柳宗元《封建论》和王叔文欲杀刘辟的实质，力图证明王叔文集团至多只是反对过某一个藩镇，如果说从整体上“反藩镇”缺乏依据。但是我认为他犯了一个错误，导致整个的推断似乎都不能成立了。
“革新”论者说的是王叔文集团“内抑宦官”、“外制方镇”，只是抑制宦官，控制藩镇，而不是说他们“内黜宦官”、“外罢方镇”。而黄先生的推论则想证明王叔文集团没有对藩镇势不两立，必欲除之而后快的举动，因此就不是在反藩镇。依这个逻辑，黄先生反对某一论点，莫非也是必欲消灭其影响力而后快，否则就不能证明自己的反对立场？
我还要再举两个事例：
“甲子，上御丹凤门，赦天下，诸色逋负，一切蠲免，常贡之外，悉罢进奉。”（《旧唐书·顺宗纪》）
进奉钱是地方官员，包括藩镇向皇帝献媚邀宠，同时又可以用来充实财用的税款，果断废除，不仅为民众除了一害，对藩镇的骄横气焰也是个打击。这件事，只在《旧唐书》中有记载，《新唐书·顺宗纪》及《顺宗实录·卷二》中只提到罢除盐铁使
“月进”钱，《新唐书·食货志》称进奉钱是宪宗罢除的。但《旧唐书》是当时人记载，《资治通鉴》也采用它的说法，应该可靠。
“景（丙）戌，诏曰：检校司空平章事杜佑可检校司徒平章事，充度支并盐铁使。以浙西观察李锜为浙西节度检校刑部尚书。”（《顺宗实录》卷二）
《旧唐书·李锜传》称“德宗复于润州置镇海军，以锜为节度使，罢其盐铁使务。”，但《顺宗实录》是当时人记述，这项任免是顺宗颁发的应该可信。
李锜是既有野心又有实权的地方官员，此前虽没有节度使职位，也可以等同于藩镇。虽然授予他节度使的实职，但剥夺其掌握全国主要财源——盐、铁的权力，不能否认是起到了很强的抑制作用，对两年后平定他发动的叛乱创造了很有利的条件。
再说抑制宦官。黄先生对于王叔文派范希朝任京西诸城镇行营兵马节度使、韩泰任行军司马专其事，谋夺宦官兵权时分析说：“案神策军包括神策军的京西诸城镇行营都是归属由宦官所任神策中尉管辖的，叫范希朝任京西诸城镇行营兵马节度使，是想从事实上来控制这支部队，分割神策军的部分兵权，在名义上并没有改变神策全军和中尉之间的隶属关系。”请注意：只是“从名义上”没有改变“神策全军和中尉之间的隶属关系”，而黄先生也承认王叔文集团确实“想从事实上来控制这支部队，分割神策军的部分兵权”。因为要讲策略，所以才没有想一举夺取全部神策军兵权。即便如此，仍然引起了宦官的警觉，导致夺兵权失败。如果王叔文真的毫无政治头脑，居然下达诏书，大张旗鼓地要剥夺神策军左右中尉的兵权，身死事败之后不知要被后人嘲笑成什么样子呢！
黄先生又举出王叔文与宦官李忠言内外联合，操纵朝政的事例，认为王叔文只不过是“最多只能说和某些宦官争权闹矛盾，说反宦官就未免太夸大，因为他们并没有反整个宦官制度和全体宦官，相反仍然在维持宦官控制内廷的传统，仍旧是内廷外朝相勾结呼应的老一套而已。”
在中外历史上，一派政治力量暂时联合其他力量，对付最主要的敌手，是常见的现象，目的是为了壮大自己，削弱敌手。而且李忠言“素懦谨，每见叔文与论事，无敢异同”（《新唐书·宦者传上》），说明他不是那种专权强横的宦官头子，也可以理解成李忠言赞同王叔文的政见，是值得信赖的。黄先生可能是对政治不感兴趣，因此误认为只要“反宦官”，就必须反对所有有实权的宦官，不然不足以保持队伍的纯洁性、革命性。王叔文集团成员起初职位最高的只是任尚书左丞、同平章事的韦执谊；
王叔文本人是起居舍人、翰林学士。当时翰林学士虽然号称“内相”，权力很大，毕竟不是正式的朝官，不能直接处理朝政；
王伾是左散骑常侍，是皇帝的侍从顾问官员；
凌准与王叔文同为翰林学士；
其余也都不是尚书以上的职位。而韦执谊虽有宰相权力，和王叔文毕竟是合作关系，如果在这种实力之下，王叔文还要去搞罗伯斯庇尔那一套，就与自杀无异。同理，王叔文因为对刘辟的威胁发怒，没有答应韦皋的要求，林巨兴先生认为他是为自己增加了一个关键性的强敌，是一大失策（《唐代改革家韦执谊评传》），我是同意这种看法的。
据卞孝萱先生的研究，王叔文集团还曾停发内侍郭忠政等十九人俸钱，为唐代绝无仅有的事情（《从《册府元龟》校订本说开去》）。郭忠政等是俱文珍亲信或是李忠言一派，史书缺载，但可以肯定是有权势而又恶行昭彰之辈。这个举动，应该不能证明王叔文“仍然在维持宦官控制内廷的传统”吧。
黄先生还引用史料，称王伾央求杜佑和宦官为王叔文求职，王叔文宴请翰林学士和宦官头目进行表白，是“乞怜于宦官、甚至包括反对派大宦官俱文珍之流的活动”“这种与虎谋皮的办法也正说明王叔文集团之对待宦官实在说不上有多么坚强的斗争性”。王叔文的那番话，依我个人看法，主要是为了表明心迹，可能是为了失败后留下一点好名声，而且在座的还有仇恨并不那么深的翰林学士。另据《新唐书·王叔文传》载，王叔文当时还曾说过：“天子适射兔苑中，跨鞍若飞，敢异议者斩。”，同时代的李肇也有相同记述（《唐国史补》卷中），显然还有威胁俱文珍等人的用意。
至于王伾的举动，的确愚蠢，但史料上只说他“日诣中人（宦官）并杜佑请起叔文为相，且总北军”，并没说是哪些宦官，据我推测，可能是仇恨不很深的，也许是太子李纯身边的亲信（小说中即照此处理）。如果王伾居然去和俱文珍那样的仇人与虎谋皮，那不是愚蠢，是痴呆。王伾其人，史书称“阘茸，不如叔文，唯招贿赂，无大志”（《旧唐书·王伾传》），连与王叔文已“划清界限”的韦执谊，史书上也没有他如何向哪些权贵哀求原谅的记载，可见王伾与他的友人志向的差距。何况当时王叔文已因母丧离职，王伾的举动更可能只是个人行为。
王叔文集团减免赋税的措施，《旧唐书·顺宗纪》记载其数额是“诸色课利、租赋、钱帛，共五十二万六千八百四十一贯、石、匹、束”，而黄先生说唐朝几乎所有的皇帝都有过这种措施，仅宪宗一朝就有“二十二次之多”，这是事实，但是他所依据的《册府元龟·邦计部·蠲复第三》还记载说上文那次减税是从“兴元元年至贞元二十年十月三十日”，即从公元786年至804年，共计十九年。德宗、宪宗朝虽然多次减免赋税，但大多是在大赦、大灾和大的战争之后，属应有之举，而且没有一次追溯时间有那么长的。还有一点需要指出：顺宗朝那次减税，是在大赦四个月后又一次下令减免的，应该是有点特别的吧？
“永贞革新”的王叔文、王伾、韦执谊等领袖人物，在政治策略上犯了不少错误，个人性格、品质上也有严重的缺点，因此导致革新的失败，但不能因此抹杀他们政策的进步意义。
In AD 913 (beam dry 3 years), known as Jin Yong break a three hundred thousand of You state, with tied with Liu Rengong Sclerotium, Liu Shouguang son triumph back Jinyang, offer prisoners in the family temple. Department beheaded arrogate Yanguo Huang Emperor Liu Shouguang, the turn Liu Rengong remanded on behalf of the state, with a grave at the cut in Rick. Li Cunxu and the back rest of the battle lasted for fifteen years, during which Licun Xu Jin, led many to win the war, such as Bo Xiang, Yang Liu of the war, the Battle of Hu Liu Pei, Desheng war. Liang Jun Jin Although its failures, but the loss itself is not small, in which the death of famous Zhou Dewei the most significant. Khitan and harassment from time to time, contain the rear, Jin never been able to open up the situation, and Liang Jun, the formation of a stalemate.
But the right was the world's Shatuo noble actions after becoming emperor, can be said to be unsightly. Ouyang Xiu, in its popular "Biography of the actors in the history of Five", made a detailed analysis. He's emergence can be said to "repeat itself too strong," his fall can be said to be "bad repeat itself too." Things are so fast conversion, Li Cunxu had a chance to finish business and the pain and the joy of success to the winner from a comedy into a tragedy of failure, by an all-powerful hero into a deserted the autocrat. Ling Li Cunxu favoritism officials, ignored the officers and men to help them make their mark.
Li Siyuan Shatuo have become the new leader, the succession of Emperor, Chien-yuan heavens, Temple name next year. In its's behest, in addition to living in the Lee family's Yong Wang Jinyang Li Cun spared the United States because of paraplegia, the remaining survivors of nearly all safety and Zhong Hui, who was kill all (non-toxic non-husband ah). .
. In life and death battle with Liang Tang, Li Siyuan destroy Bianliang building strategy, and led his army for the striker, a first opened. Tang Jia Li Cunxu its Zhuangzong of Latter said: "I have the world, but also by the public of the bloody battle, when and public of the" carry is Zhongshu Ling, Qiu Jian Ling Han Nationality Explorer, the imperial guards commander. Although it is not Ye are premeditated mutiny mutiny Li Di, but the results while filling Yi Sheng havoc benefits arrogance strong soldiers, planted the seeds for the demise of the Later Tang Dynasty. Li Siyuan in the reign of eight years, more attention and people to rest, known as the "Valley of repeated Feng, Bing Ge rarely used, the school in the Five Dynasties, crude as well." However, the per capita used in non-major talent, "Old Five Dynasties," Review of its "Junqin can be assisted, courtiers not only" is quite pertinent.
One. . Harem status. .
. . The standing of the concubines, and of course there are many women who never complained about the officials, ladies, women's needlework, fatigues, etc., together responsible for the expense of the palace harem cooking, the number is huge. . In addition there are some women can not do it troublesome work by the eunuchs as responsible for the following positions. . * Yeting Bureau: master harem account book. . * Gong Wei Bureau: Secretary of the equivalent of the court, a palm fan, to the other is a bureaucrat. . * Xi Gong Bureau: palm disease mortality. . * The servant Bureau: palm candle scheduling. . * Inner Shrine Board: palm accounting, storage and cashier. . Bureaux are equipped with a orders, Cheng main incident. .
II. . Shi Qin order. .
The Tang dynasty, with accompanying Royal bed of a certain order, in accordance with the full moon lacks to.. before 15 of each month to become full, short for gradually after 15, from the first to the fifteenth position on the low round of the high end of the sixteenth to the reverse position by high round to low. Empress and third wife to priority, the following nine concubines "99 and Royal", which means nine common chengen overnight.. . Overall, the Queen and two nights, three nights his wife, six-night World Conference on Women, Yu's wife eighth night, in terms of concubines is a fair distribution, but for the emperor, it is neither free elections, but also a a good deal more, it is not pleasant. . Although the temple palace concubines Rushi provisions plainly, but because of the large number of concubines, from time to time the arrival of some physical discomfort or menstruation, so the choice of people on duty each night annoying miscellaneous things, defects easy to play, so most settings palace " the history of women ", specifically to deal with the order of concubines Rushi Palace. .
Monarch of ancient China with paramount authority, such authority is reflected in every aspect of one of these is the huge, female Emperor enjoy 「three gongliu hospital Pharoah 8 72 Royal wives and concubines 9 」; and a large number of waiters as imperial concubines concubine's supplementary, the woman who called the maid or Palace. They are always ready to provide XING emperors to the lust of the music. Because of the history of the imperial system, emperors and the amount of the opposite sex. It is safe to say that the ancient Chinese Emperors Palace in occupies a large number of women in the world is unique, and the history of the increase, is increasing.. "Book of Changes" on the "Marriage of bandit bandits" of the language, that means in Marriage of ancient times and the bandit bandits not very different battle. "Book of Jin" Upload "Xi Xia Jie Shi cutting there, there are people with sister Joy Female Shih Yan; Yan Xin (Yan Zhou Wang) have attacked the Soviet Union, a Sioux woman to Da Ji Yan." Sister hi and Da Ji is the famous beauty are attributed to crusade against the Soviet Union have applied and obtained the West over the weekend of the monarch quiet Wang Ji Palace Line, invasion of praise (in modern praise of Hanzhong City in Shaanxi area), praised the country's defeat and offer the beautiful concubine, Zhou You Wang finally agreed to Babing. .
(Also "a valuable commodity," the source of the idiom.) Qin and Han Dynasties, the palace from the civil service selection Liang Jiazi beginning, the vast majority of the ladies, is the right to choose the palace of Wang Zhaoqiang. .
Wei, the historical records, Emperor Shi Hu Zhao after the Sixteen States, thirty non-governmental women steal home harem. Shi Hu Shi declared the son of Prince and the gentlemen also follow the tigers of the pageant, there are ten thousand of all the beauty. .
. Dispatched call this "bird makes." Temple as many as forty thousand more than the number of beauty, setting a record. Song Song writing was such a "house of words": "Spring Night ladies http://kaiyuanshengshi. .5 D6d.. Com /..
Well Epitaph (local), Zhiwen first sentence is: "Well presented Fu Jun Shang Yi Feng Yu Epitaph of the Ming." .
. Recently, "Asahi Shimbun" is also introduced by Professor Han Sheng feature pages of results. .
Japan: Well really 19 years as a student stay in the Tang? . .
.
Three years, Senshu University of Japan convened the best scholars in Japan on "well Epitaph" to study international seminar held several field and published more than Engineers. According to the authority of the Japanese academic results into the system really well with the mission to the Tang Dynasty, 717 years of foreign students, 734 died in January at Chang'an, Death of 34-year-old at the time of the Tang Zhaoguan school students for 19 years but did not graduate, the court Yi Feng Yu bestowed on him as yet (five items below). Japanese scholars on the well Epitaph of all established on the basis of this conclusion. .
However, this research may be wrong from the beginning. Last year, a visiting scholar in Japan, a history professor at Fudan University, Han Seung-reporting requirements for doing well Epitaph also conducted a study, he found the Japanese counterparts completely opposite view. "Ino was sent into the diplomatic missions of Tang officials rather than students, he was 733 years to the Tang Dynasty, and not 717 years", "derived from the epitaphs conclusions drawn is that the Japanese political system, the details of specific instruments from the imperative to are completely at the time of the Tang Dynasty replica, not separated from the outside of the Tang Dynasty dominated the East Asian system. "Professor Han Sheng in an interview with Post reporters said. .
"According to the Tang Center Official School system, school students from East Asia have age norms and regulations, a maximum of 9 years, and must take the test. From the academic point of view, true as well for 19 years in the Tang Dynasty, and do not participate in study abroad expedition, this situation does not meet the Tang Dynasty curriculum. students remain unemployed at the time can not be arbitrary. The envoys could not have lived in the Tang Dynasty, 19 years long. "Han Seung-so as well to immediately infer the time should be later than the Tang Dynasty 717 years, so it should be the tenth mission sent 733 years of the Tang. The mission arrived in Suzhou, 733 years in August, then went to Chang'an tribute.。 Well really died "Kaiyuan 22 years in the first month, and was buried on February 4," but missions to Luoyang is February 8, at the time was exactly, "This explains well Shinsei specifications than the maid is small, take a piece of content on the epitaph, written in simple, because time is very quick. "Han sheng said.
Conclusion: The relationship between institutional system has a corresponding rank imitation of Tang Dynasty. .
. .
. "Han Sung said..
According to the Asahi Shimbun, despite Han Seung Shinsei on logging of rejected the Japan academic years of hard work, but this conclusion has also been recognized by Japan scholars. Prof. Han sheng said: "Japan scholars often say that Japan's exports of Chinese history not to Chinese scholars, but Japan sinology several years away. ”。.
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Wu has an inner strength. Take her and Empress compared. Grasp the current situation, the ability of politics, she played out, history will have a relatively positive impact; and Empress played out precisely the course of history have a relatively negative effects. .
People who talk like her, naturally like; do not like, said to be "primary school in the back of the text," "sometimes suspected of literary talent to show off." .
Forum, a thousand three hundred years ago the legendary Queen of the all-powerful who, through her sonorous voice, emerged in front of an audience. .
Mengman also cats, by friends as "cat-like woman." .
She has obsessively: morning crowded subway, in front of female white-collar hair from the "oil-gas", she concluded that the other three days without washing; behind men's big bite "pancake fruit", she is allergic.
She likes to adopt stray from home, dirty cats, "there is now room three." .
10 years ago, she first visited the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang Losana Buddha. "Buddha's solemn and compassion so that I was deeply shocked." It is said that the image of Buddha was shaped by Empress Wu. .
"The fate of Empress Wu, but also of our own destiny. Human nature, namely, the ancients who makes it is easy to find the shadow of his real life.". .
People Magazine: Do you think you speak the Empress Wu, in comparison with other experts, the difference in where? . .
People Magazine: At different ages, your understanding and assessment of Empress Wu is also different, right? . .
Graduate school, specialize in the history of the Sui and Tang. See one of her tracks: Tang dynasty to write her one of a few holy to her as the emperor; to Song Dynasty, speak more specifically about her cruelty and lust; to the late Ming Dynasty, Li Zhi and that morality and private morality is two different things, not her private life and the mix of political contributions; and then to the late Ming and early Qing, Wang Fu-chih thinkers described her as "the spirits will not be tolerated, subjects of the total complaints";. .
Therefore, her knowledge is a gradual process of maturation phase superposition. .
Meng Man: Actually, I wordless Wu monument is not established, with no relationship to her ideas. After her death, the Tang Dynasty into a period of relative chaos, people are particularly complex evaluation of her, each faction has a different view, which a faction of the other factions can not be completely overwhelmed. .
Subversion of the traditional image of women.
People Magazine: Do you think Wu What is the biggest political ambitions? When the emperor? . .
Mengman: she is the Queen of late in, really expect when Emperor. Before, she wanted to develop his talents. At that time, many women feel that they have the ability, but society does not permit her to play. So, I sometimes joke that students and you can see section women of chastity is a desire to have ambitions, but there is no way to express myself through other means. (笑)。.
Empress Wu in the palace before the accident and the family experienced the suppression of half-brother, the palace after the emperor dies around unsuccessful. But her nature was stronger, she had a sort of irrepressible anger. Specific target, always changing, but she always wanted to own the ability to play, which is a driving force. .
Meng Man: Hero should be able to contribute to the development of human history, Wu found such a position. On the one hand the times she used her advantage, on the other hand the times she waves. Chinese history, not a single time that so many women eager to participate in political life, her death, there is Princess Taiping, Wei, the An Legong Lord, Shangguan Waner and others, or are we screamed the names of these women . This is her influence, she set an example for people: a woman can make such a breakthrough. .
Wu also subvert our understanding of the traditional culture. Since the May Fourth Movement, traditional culture has been criticized, however, if the traditional culture of repression for the people there really are so strong, how can such a person to allow the success of Wu? I think the traditional culture itself has a very resilient side, very tolerant. .
People Magazine: often tragic hero, do you think is the most tragic Empress?.
Meng Man: Wu is a tragic figure. "To Tang for the week" that she was an ideal, she a lot of things to do around this thing, but she was not dead yet to see the destruction of her empire, personally created, and this is her tragedy. But the real tragedy of her, or not break tradition. .
People Magazine: Do you also have their own evaluation of Tang Emperor, the past is often portrayed as weak and incompetent his image, but you sure he was a promising politician. .
Some said he took orders from Empress Wu, it is not possible, the employer has been in the hands of Emperor, Empress Wu to wedge into a nail is very difficult. Wu did not help him there? Course. But just as a unit and vice hand, he was policy-makers, he could hear also can not listen to see his strength and determination of the choice. .
In addition, whether or Tang Emperor Taizong, can be said to be professional politicians, it can be said to be professional conspirators, they are a set of plot to huh. Therefore, the Tang Emperor and Empress Wu sometimes they play two-man, they always match very well. Wu has an advantage, however, do not have any Gaozong: physical. This is a congenital condition. Tang Emperor why not become a great statesman, the limelight was Empress Wu to the account, with his physical condition has a very large relationship. .
People Magazine: Are there certain spots and Empress Wu were not we see? . .
Mengman: we have no way to really investigate this person's psychological, because everything is necessary to establish on the basis of the material, we could only see her actions. She may be intuitive to judge, to actions that can compromise, she would compromise, cannot compromise, she will choose their own ideals.
Such as the treatment of Li Dan, when he was a child, Wu also want to be a qualified mother, her son had feelings of attachment. But the development of the company to take the throne, she has not show his warmth. .
Kindred is not heavy for her? if not, she ultimately why son instead of a nephew to inherit the throne in the? but affection once and produce intense conflicts of power, she will be putting aside the family ties.
People Magazine: Yang Nan Chong is also reflected one aspect of her humanity? . .
In addition, her later years she really believe? Son is her rival, the nephew is the same, I would think that she and Nanchong together, is relatively easy. .
Mengman: her courage. Tough to point the false courage and true inner strength. Wu has an inner strength. Take her and Empress compared. Grasp the current situation, the ability of politics, she played out, history will have a relatively positive impact; and Empress played out precisely the course of history have a relatively negative effects. Inner strength of the two men is not the same. We found Wu is a distinguished statesman, and who wants to overturn the Empress, I am afraid will not get too big to turn. .
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This article talk big Master Hsuan Tsang and the friends of the Emperor, in his analysis of the Tang 誼 religious psychology, the market for Buddhist revenues of changing, and Hsuan Tsang to affect him. Grand Master Hsuan Tsang, contribute to a political notion I have well fun; but he and the emperors, the public waiting to come, and often involved the political thought of 牽. This is a matter for the University sees many who ignored. This article from Hsuan Tsang's touch business, and he and the Tang of the market for telephone, etc., to identify his political ideal wheel profile. Because these kinds of information less attention for people, because of the known.
p. . 136. .
A..
Tang Dynasty Tripitaka Master Xuanzang (six hundred ─ six hundred sixty-four) [1], is a reputed Chinese and foreign, ancient and modern praise of the people. His writings and translations, many modern scholars are to be studied very high esteem. His Guying expedition, laid down his life seeking the spirit of the law, even more Xinzhe. Consciousness philosophy of his subtle understanding, and extensive knowledge of Buddhism in India, and now can be said to be unprecedented, or since. I remember thirty years ago, when I first came to India to study, Xuanzang's name repeatedly appears in the textbooks of ancient history in India has surprised me.。.
Logically speaking, Master Monk, "Buddhist Records," has a variety of translation and research [2]; his biography ─ "Great Tai Chi Yun Temple Tripitaka Master of Biography", but also by the attention of scholars [3] . To study his life on paper, the Chinese data is Professor Zhang Mantao, incorporated into the "Master of Xuan Zang," a book, and has reached thirty-four [4]. In this case, I am afraid not many new topics, can be used for further discussion. But be careful if refined, are still some problems, so far not been the attention of academic researchers. .
This article talk, just those few people on one of the problem-Hsuan Tsang method of product marketing for political ideals. Hsuan Tsang, Chi, the method of calculating the touch in the fax, he put the Mahayana Yoga University School of philosophy, science, related business line services 210 into Chinese, implemented in a matter of history. Yoga University School of thought, identification is the belief of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang in the University. In addition, Hsuan Tsang have not built the tree of philosophy, University of his own body. Secondly, Hsuan Tsang I is a Godly sincere believers of Buddhism, his statement: Sai-monk, Italy, advanced features, such as are needless smeared. Cash in on 絕 cannot make improper assumptions of the test, Tim Office with vinegar to the old monk of hard-wearing 頂 political hat.. As a Mahayana Buddhist monk Xuanzang, should be based on mercy, save the world for the blog. To say he was just born a pure monk, has nothing to do with the world, I am afraid can not be regarded as fair and objective. .
p. . 137. .
American professor to special (A.. F.. Wright) in his paper, "Taizong and Buddhism," a text, once Taizong life is divided into four periods: from the year six hundred and seventeen to sixty-two six years, was Li Shimin the first period of life, he was the main work is to seize power: the first overthrow of the Sui dynasty, and then by the Xuanwu Gate Incident achieved the status of Prince Edward. Six hundred twenty-seven ─ six hundred thirty-seven decade or so, was fine Lai to his colonial period: the consolidation of the status and confidence. Six hundred thirty-seven ─ six hundred forty-four the third period, remarkable achievements, aggressively Broad and a series of success, he suffers from a strong desire disorder.。 June 5-June 9, is the old Tang. In this issue now, personal grief, disease, death of transgression of 擾 脅 are features [6].
In the first period, Taizong busy with military affairs, political affairs, too busy in religious policy. Although he had some help by Buddhist monks, but the personal attitude of Buddhism is not clear.六 Taizong stage after 2027, his attitude gradually clear: During the year, the establishment of Hirofumi Museum, featuring the world Confucian scholar, in the Inner Temple "speak of by the justice, business strategic affairs" [7]. Sun Ssu and Chao see priests, taught to title [8]. In the treatment of Buddhism, he sent the one hand, Censor Du Zhenglun (five hundred eighty-seven ─ six hundred fifty-eight) "calibration Buddhism, purges of non-abuse" [9]; on the other hand called Salmonella Yuen Wan (five hundred sixty-two ─ six hundred thirty-six) palace, "the crown prince and kings and so on, by the Bodhisattva Precepts
p. . 138. .
六 2027 Taizong attitude of Buddhism, has been continued until the fourth period, only the changes. During this period, the greatest impact on Taizong monk, Xuanzang is. The meeting of these two historical figures, it is very dramatic. Xuan Zang to go abroad because of the time, "when national policy is still new, not far from the battlefield, cut about people, not allowed out of Fan ... ...." [12] Later, he was Master of the local Buddhist leaders Swans, Miqian secretly helped the two disciples, it was "stolen sent west, not Gongchu naturally, is the day Night V, Suizhi Guazhou." [13] with the words now, he made no passport to go abroad without permission Dafa. .
. [15] and finally said he would very much like, "Ye Xuan early Majesty, no matter to any extension of Yang." [16]. .
Hsuan Tsang's exploration of the test is successful, the Emperor of all the heat Margaret welcome. The Emperor said: 「introduction press trip road is the domain of product marketing, have intellectual property also. Welcome to Hi radio, you can do, and the speed I phase also ... I have bestowed to 闐 etc road enables sending of product marketing, 諸 China human saddle ride, should be not less spent …. 」 [17] in this model, a method of product marketing, Samuel p. returned to long. Current time in the Tang is Laurent Yang, standard equipped expedition 遼 bin. 貞 Tourist Federation 19 years (June 5) element to the end, Zang Yang MIYAUCHI also 駕 lotensin. Big performance in the Tang current time is engaged in military, initial will face just 禮 Maung. Until seven days later, the second may face, he took it deep living. Fax text to the living Tel, a detailed record of downloads.. Chuan-wen said:. .
February has been extended to low-end Hai 鸞 Palace, Emperor Ying wai very thick. 訖 both seated.
p. . 139. .
Emperor said: why don't phase report of Auditors to? law teacher visitor: Zang Zui gone, to repeated table played, but sincere good wishes for micro-light, not to the professional. Radio ren Mu road, Nai 輒 private line. The case of crimes of attention, but deep 慚 懼..
As the Master recognized the mistake, the emperor also put his hand:. .
Emperor said: the teacher is a monk and vulgar; so can later imposed on life method, health benefits, I very 蒼 Jia yan, fan for shame.
Since the emperor said he did not study past, the Xuan Zang natural gratitude, until Taizong asked him: "But Nianbi mountains block away, side vulgar dissent, blame the teacher to Tatsuya?", Master of the emperor would immediately take the opportunity to compliment a lot. .
Method of product marketing to saying: Zang, multiplication disease risk press who made heaven and Earth and not gladly, Imperial dragon boat '-wave but not memorable. Since the Majesty and tunneling qianfu Ching Sihai, de than nine domain-are eight areas, Atsushi wind fan with scenes of South, St. Wei Chen Chuang mountain. So Yi Jun long, Dijon in each of the comments received from the whole Xiang of niao, Dong come you suspected release in the country, while jingzhi 斂 bow. He became the first side foot xuanzhuang round, qing Cheng Yuhua also. Not only is it much to tianwei or radio difficult. [18].
A section of the above that Syria, mostly for the people as a courtesy, without attention. I now put it ferreted out to prove that Xuan Zang of the politics of law, are very sensitive to things of the stay is not an unknown monk. On the contrary, as this would compliment the emperor, almost appeared in every conversation. This fact is well known at the time. Helen Yan Xuan Zang's disciples had his master's alertness good speech, had this praise: "Master and outside it, the Pro machine reciprocate, the debate contact case, it is difficult indeed!" [19]. .
When Xuan Zang first met Taizong, Li Shimin was ambitious not already. Xuanzang met Zhenguan Taizong when nineteen years, his focus is still in political affairs, is not Buddhism. His attitude in the performance of Xuanzang biography very clear. Taizong Xuanzang compliments the "Tianwei," and also cast the male of the Lord wants. .
In the two initial long living in who, in the background of the Tang on ???, includes the following content: 「introduction since snow 嶺 has the West Indies, jade 燭 and balloon, materials industry show that eight King so sites, four Buddha genetic 蹤, and not of bowang, class m radio fax it and download. Method of product marketing does qing game its, appearance and ji-Chiang Yi, press-, from which no genetic records. To submit a problem, chou.
p. . 140. .
There are conditions. 」 [20] Note by the Tang dynasty, the emperor made from his time since there is such a heart. 貞 Tourist Federation of four years, Li Jing (5 July 1-June 9) the pacify East Turkic, 「introduction Northwest King on long, please, for the days the khans 」. Professor considers why Rivendell Changzhou Huari new material in these kinds of days khans, 「introduction and today the role of the Union and China, po as similar. 」 [21] but the Western 諸 China, Division, and the Tang Government to contribute to a current, have not a guan and system-wide information. Now travel in Hsuan Tsang, predicts that in Vietnam and India Jaakko straight Daman. Hsuan Tsang's press gladly "links, hyper but 騫 bowang Hou Zhang. Tang natural need this kind of material. These kinds of materials to the Tang dynasty, and business operating history and meaning and redirection is very important.. "[22] which is written" Buddhist Records, "the cause. .
But this is not the Tang as full foot. He and Hsuan Tsang after living in the deep will think like a monk Xuanzang in this sample, all current members to government officials, for own use. Guazhou fax text: 「introduction di also notes method of Auditors sent of public scandals, because 輔 勸 non vulgar, helped Dr custom service 」. ----Not monk Xuanzang 堅, said he's been a monk, not political service, once a problem is also popular, not only in political power; and radio and also will make his religious science questions, the rot 敗. He only wishes to graduate as 「introduction track to report template. 」 [23].
Taizong to retreat a step, you want to join Xuanzang and his Eastern Campaign. Master of the Military inconvenience, virtual negative toll on the ground, to push the welcome. Xuanzang request to the Shaolin Temple to Transwhiz Songyue, Taizong not allow the proposed translation of his long Anhong Fu Temple, Xuan Zang accepted. .
In national affairs, and Taizong respected Confucianism, dare dormant. But often had mishaps in the process destroy life numerous casualties, a people who believe in karma, killing the enemy will naturally fear the feeling of unease. He's such a feeling, in his November Zhenguan leap years, "for the losers who stand front temple Rong Chao" text, already have said. Chao Wen said:. .
p。. 141..
... There Sui unjust, nine boiling. I always Yuanrong pro, caused the martyrdom of the Zi Ming Feng penalty ..., letter of Xian Ji ... donate a commendable life, Tan book with the image. Still fear heaven, still occupied by the enemy tripod pan; between eight hard, never wrapped Bingtan, Qiaoran remorse pregnant, sleep with forgotten Hing. Think so set Fukuda, economic soul of their business, can be built at war since the place justice, as the righteous person who failed Rong array culprit who brake the Temple ... [26]. .
I create meaning from the Sui Dynasty, Followers Blog Life Saving. North levy East cutting, the flat exterminate to: Ran Huang Yue, under the side of gold http, where the injured exterminate, it is difficult to recover with win record ... sad creatures hate the weight, can not Aijin. Huai quietly remorse, no forget Hing sleep. [27]. .
From these language sentences, we can see that the Tang to the military people while the dead, on the one hand, think it is 「introduction sentence no period "," to fight only anonymous 」 [28], the advantages in; on the other hand, knew that kill a sense of business is too heavy, find great regret (「introduction qiao so overthrew his wise 」). These kinds of 懺 regret, made him sit lie not tour (「introduction radio forget well 寢 」). These kinds of pressure and fear 懼, he had to build 築 monasteries, equipment 齋 懺 禮 come in Buddhism course for averting by prayers. These kinds of crimes of terrorism 懼, Holy article also Iranian download:.
And the teachings of Buddhism is still Cihren deep, forbidden the killing as the most important subjects. Commitments made by regret this fear reasonable indemnity. Since this might be desirable for a crusade has been hand cut to punish, the number of before and after, nearly a thousand, are all fast track, built and dedicated the three passers-Ji Li Chan ... the difficulty, Innsbruck relief. Very undesirable suffering, to Philip economy. Destroy the heart of resentment barrier; trend Bodhi Way. [29]. .
From the above information, we can see that the Emperor in politics, is the three religions and capacity, ru cure-oriented; but in his heart, to name him kill dead near a thousand people, deeply held guilty. Buddhist precepts scald and causal report should consist of, which he 「business as more regret 懼 」. So we used the Office 齋 track built for 「introduction of lamps blame avoidance 」. In addition to these spirits, Xuanwu Oldsmobile thing indeed, Tang's brother John and brother-built, Yuanji killed by scald, must also be in the hearts of the Tang, leaving the deeper shadows. [30] the three religions is the surface only Buddhism has said of cause and effect, and the tree stand Fukuda, to solutions for operators of open hearts this piece in the Tang said not to export large lumps.
p. . 142. .
Aboveground causal report should of said that Buddha business in abound. For example, the Buddhist scriptures say Ashoka ascended the throne before they kill his elder brother; c harm du Shi Wang (not complaining), was deposed in another parent, [31] and Li Shimin in duo copyright competition bit time period as for the market. But the monk Xuanzang in 「introduction Datang Western Iranian 」, the market for these stories, gets rid of open not living in China. You can also Tripitaka in master really careful method always remember. Its implementation, this is also difficult to blame, and an age-min is □o short. He and Hsuan Tsang's related project tracking, and not the no cracks.. [32] Although it is argued in this case the machine self-created disaster, but it can not but make Xuanzang careful. .
Hsuan Tsang and those of related relationships, has been very good. Back to as early as in two monk Xuanzang in the years before, I competition 儲, quite 緊 Zhang. The original from the Crown CAP, and is amazed to Thai competition the pets, 「introduction affiliated with various tree friends, sing wei gap 」. [33]. Competition duo of EGM, Fishman deli-晉 Wang Li Zhi becoming out of his/her succession to the throne, he is after all of those. King was standing 晉 as Crown Prince, po rich in game Opera. Two Tang line services long sun radio bogey (2365 nine surviving) fax records, download said.
Prince Edward Cheng Qian offend, Taizong Yuli Jin Wang, and limited to non-times, back to the confusion is not resolved. Yu Liang Yi Dian, Qunguan out with a wild left unattended and Sagong Fang Xuanling, Bingbushangshu Li Ji, said: "I'm three sons and a brother, which is the case, no Liao my heart!" Because from the cast on the bed, drawing his sword For self-thorns. So loudly to frighten, before the lifting competition, taking his sword in order to grant the king. Loudly so please Taizong pace, and reported, saying: "I Yuli the king." Loudly said: "I would like Feng Zhao, a dissident, Chen please cut it." Taizong that the king said: "Uncle Yu Xu Yu, Yi thanked him. "[34]. .
Mr. Chen c Ke punched matter this event, the time said: 「introduction Tang lid hero, fruit in deciding on the assessment, and to continue for a problem which is to be so amusing status ... Extension of the struggles continue bearing is neither fixed, entering courtiers affiliated party's activities will not be able to rest ... 」. [35].
Tang Emperor Taizong far less wise, the lack of ideas. He inherited the throne is in this context made. So big, in his system before the throne, must be careful to cast Taizong of the likes. Taizong's guilt and the fear of retribution, and his closeness to the Xuan Zang in the last year of his life, it can be said that the gain in years. Buddhism is not conducive to action, almost no longer appeared. This context is to determine the king was the main factor of Xuanzang friendly. Therefore, the relationship between him and the Master. .
Is followed the footsteps of Taizong. Naturally, Taizong's inner suffering, the sense of urgency and to seek religious relief, the young Prince who are not understandable. .
For example, the 22 June 貞 Kwun Tang in jade Bristol MIYAUCHI, called also Hsuan Tsang is very welcome, with living should monk Xuanzang's please, qing-staining hammer, written into 「introduction Datang Zang St. teach sequence 」. As Prince of Li Zhi "links to Santa teach sequence, the guy on the nao, compact structure hotline abbreviation, an article 「business as St. nominating 」. In this article, the Prince sanecore 頌 Tang martial Wende, said on his Majesty the Emperor, 「introduction Xuan information, vertical arch and rule 8.. "[36]. .
IV. .
Master studies in the Imperial age support, meter rhyme flooded deep urge to force the return of each popular thinking, To the left and right, and seek common affairs of state. ... To be another Yanyue: the desire of the Master de-staining Subhuti clothes, hanging Offerings of Su Yi, l-hyun Road to Chan-mo, sitting Cassia Court pontificating. How in Italy? [38]. .
These kinds of requirements means clothing plus official reason is what? because Emperor's service too many personal can all 23 notes, 「introduction immortal St., you battle group of xian 」. Hsuan-chi has not changed, or have no Gan 堅. He used the following several kinds of reasons, said: Mobile has the Tang.
p. . 144. .
Second, the "London end of the disposable, Shang-jen Sean ... ... universal intrinsic knowledge of Kyushu pregnant students, all Mu Ein, salty, then peace and happiness. This has to Sacred Heart of, no false on others, the meaning of the second also.". .
Fourth, "Xian yun infestation, it comes from a long time. Five Emperors are not ministers, three kings can not be made ... ... and a sign of His Majesty Royal Figure Adams exterminate, Qingchao pour point, no child left behind ... ... If the re-statement by the minister, then Yu, Xia Since the Yin Fu and more men, and how by non? refresher proper way Sri Lanka was no false to others. the meaning of four also. ". .
V. 「introduction high Lizzie small fan, losing on China 禮. Sui emperor's world of product marketing, three-self with 罰 ... Virtual sang six military, Wolf 狽. Majesty's provisional line will destroy the digital million qi, 駐 蹕 of strength while, break 遼 lid of 堅 city, vibration Brigade Kai Rotary ... , Sui, Tang to surviving to's gain. Essentials by the master, false in person. It also defines five. 」 。.
VI, "and if heaven and earth to pay Thailand, sun, and moon, the mixing gas, Hing Wan Yu ... ... notorious Fun Zada, thousands of immeasurable billion, not over the move. Are born to be German, no false on others.". .
VII. 「introduction zong, this reply must also Iran, many wrong! 呂 xuanzhuang Yong Liu, how to default?; precepts 緇 Oldsmobile, 闡 sign genetic method, this is their good wishes! 」 [39].
Liuduan pick out the text above, on the one hand sufficient to show literary talent and Feng Tan Xuan Zang, and its respected Taizong; one can speculate, Ming Xuan Zang in the eyes of the main deities, should have what conditions? His literary talent Feng Tan, Chuan-wen has been sufficient to show; his praise of Taizong, some places can not help but have "flatter" suspected, especially five or six paragraphs; However, generally to say, there is still something to sign, they can not be for all flattery. From this passage, however, to infer the ideal emperor Xuan Zang. .
p。. 145..
Have not seen scholars have had to try. .
If the above to the Tang monk Xuanzang Memorial statements, we can see that the living Zang political ideals, is the sovereign Center wiki. In his perennial loser out of seven items of Mr. Steve conditions, sixth project is ? praise Wang copyright. He believed this for at least the Tang Taizong 「introduction on open Jun 」 come, with the six items of information, therefore is 「introduction radio off to people 」. This means a telephone, is having to rely on the memorials of 輔 help, only rely on the emperor himself was successful.
Guazhou ? Elcar project for 「introduction have Dawes had 」. Fifth, was the competence, realms sleeves as monk Xuanzang ? 「introduction by main 」. Sixth, the Emperor's moral character, to the mysterious affect the natural world. And 「introduction should de to 」 auspicious of the kinds of sorts.
Since this time the talk, Xuanzang and the relationship between father and son Taizong was stabilized. Taizong need a talented, good words, without the involvement of experienced people toward the right and wrong, and his chat with boredom. More importantly, after the return of his symptoms Liao, body mind and no longer have great need of a religious person in order to reduce the pressure of his guilt. Xuan Zang is just need to figure Taizong. .
Therefore, in this occasion will also, he also touch a recent problem Hsuan Tsang business matter, since the review is the qing 「introduction yoga teacher and Photoshop 」, deeply felt Buddha business is 「introduction Zhan-day sea, trial by advanced 」. Tang life busy military things political, although so often and Monk, road come to, but more limited public services, from may not review after Buddha's business. This time because the Tripitaka method of product marketing, review and recommendation of a Buddhist's code, but the market for heavy officials we marveled road: 「introduction I introduction than military service, and authority for a course in Buddhism. Today Tourist Federation, Zongyuan u 曠, in combination with the known limited international. The Confucianism, Taoism, nine flow ratio, you Ting Ying of pool, party girl-Bo. But, due to the variety of cloud of three religions, this false living well. 」 [40].
Because of this impression, it ordered the Secretary of the province of Taizong, handwritten by the new turn of the nine, distribution in Yong, Luo, and, Yanzhou, phase, Yang, cool, Jing Yi and other Kyushu. .
p。. 146..
It is written by the Tang government official once the largest in circulation. Xuanzang as he read into the "Buddha Scriptures", very appreciated, after the Royal Decree for the Crown Prince for the order. And he gave a satisfied collar robe, razor one to Xuanzang. "Tripitaka Master Magazine" on Taizong old age is becoming Buddhist, there is a very good analysis. Chuan-wen wrote:. .
Xuan Zang's suggestion in his ordered world states are gaining degrees monk, Nigeria hundred eighteen thousand five hundred people. Also at the North Palace Ziwei Hall West, do not build a, No. Hong Court, Xuanzang left chat during the day, night court in Hong scriptures. Months later, Jionji marble, with a grand ceremony before Emperor Taizong sent to stay at the new Temple Master. .
After the winter, and in April the Tang, 駕 fortunately Cuiwei MIYAUCHI, called as Crown Prince and Hsuan Tsang accompany from. Public service other than time now, mainly living in taking it method of product marketing. The problem of the Tang, including stories on 「introduction causal report should, and West to St. genetic Fong is done. 」 [42] Hsuan Tsang cited business data code, answered. 「Cold di convinced nagant. DVD-resisting forces marveled said: I have Auditors shall we meet late! & Buddhist ceremony. 」 [43] one month later, the Tang's death.
Five. .
After the death of the Tang dynasty, the secret does not release until the raging chen returns to capital PR internal announcing the sang telecommunications; pronounce Prince ascended the throne. Zang to return jionji, concentrate, 210 business code. 「Cold Zang method in master fax 」: 「introduction since then, focus on service 210, 棄 inch 陰. Daily independent class path, if necessary, something not 晝, and night to continuing it. 」 [44] according to a study of Yu-Lin Liu in the Bourne Identity, the monk Xuanzang in the Tang dynasty died that year, a total of touch out business matter 15 sets of business. One of them is 「introduction Wang FA is a theoretical matter volume 」 [45]. Familiar with yoga, Buddhist University of mostly know this Department wiki services, and Hsuan Tsang touch out of earlier a monumental, 「introduction yoga teacher and Photoshop 」 sixty volumes of content, basically the same.. This speculation based on the following three points: First, Xuanzang and the relationship between father and son Taizong in the six hundred forty-eight to six hundred forty-nine two years, very closely, often in conversation, involving the Buddhist teachings, and sometimes involves the Council. From the fact that this previous section, can be clearly seen. Second, this book appears just in Taizong died. .
Time of transition from the old Emperor to the throne. Third, the volume content of Scripture is precisely the Buddhist yoga school of political ideals. .
Of all the Buddhist monk Xuanzang's code, and 「introduction yoga teacher and Photoshop 」 expert touch ecial deep. 「Cold Zang method in master fax 」 ?, playing in eight years (four of six second) Zang from Chengdu to long on time, resource teacher 謁 「introduction again, because they consist of a meal. Detailed examination of the case, the case of coated grids. 驗 of St., also contact display has a peculiar knows is suitable from. The game is an affidavit to the West, up the problem. And for 『 17 to Photoshop 』, also a well-known suspects. Nowadays the 『 yoga teacher and Photoshop 』. 」 [46] it can also, is this a matter of certificate, run the heart out of the country's xuanzhuang method.
Chuan Wen, also known, when the Master Tourism India A over Tuo between the two countries and Eyemuqu when the ferry hijacked by thieves. Master thief saw the beautiful shape, ready to kill him ritual. Concentrate on the edge before the Master in prayer: "respectful support, by way of yoga teacher『 』... ... also to Xiasheng, educate the people." [47], we can see, this one on the books, it is Xuanzang sought the occasion of life and death the only classic. .
Fax text or instructions, Zang from project Chin Shin million, to reach the 爛 tuosi, xian method at the beginning of the withdrawal 謁 master, quit xian 「introduction problem method of product marketing from any conviction of the future? Pao said: come from China mainland, to follow the teacher University 「introduction Yoga-wiki 」 ... 」 [48]. Aboveground Hsuan Tsang in India University to learn a lot of Buddhism's code, but only this one Photoshop book, really is his most wanted. So, he lived in the 爛 Tuo, quit xian method of product marketing for fifteen months of time before this Department business man: u.s. out of Aberdeen. Back from the device is the Temple University monk Xuanzang in 1903, 「introduction method of product marketing in the temple, deaf Yoga three times 」. [49] it can also contribute to this Ministry, Hsuan Tsang Buddha on deep, hard-working.
Xuanzang returned home, the first translation of a number of small Butou classic. Fully in place until the translation field, on May 15 Zhenguan two decades since the beginning, "yoga teacher to theory", May 15 until two years before been translated. Where a hundred volumes. Master the big dream for many years the cause was finally realized. .
God asked: Master, than turned on by what? . .
A: nearly turned 「introduction yoga teacher and Photoshop 」 訖, where 100 volumes.
p. . 148. .
The answer: On the Maitreya Buddha is said. Ming seventh to justice. .
Replied that: five corresponding knowledge, awareness Accordingly, there is a wait to find no wait to find CD, no search no wait, the Samadhi Chi and more, and more Chi to non-Samadhi, a heart, a mood, the smell by Cheng, the thinking that as, the repair of the into, the Shengwen, the unique feel, the Buddha, the more than EDTA, it demonstrated by land. [50]. .
Because the reading and appreciation of this book, wrote the famous Emperor was the "big Zang holy church order." Later this preface, was the highest in all the "Tripitaka." In fact, the background of the original writing is "new", especially "yoga teacher to theory." .
「Cold Wang FA janlea matter 」 original come is 「introduction yoga teacher and Photoshop 」 part attribute in the @ 「introduction photography have Turbo-」 article, essay topic mesh is 「introduction has a course there are prying, and so the three of four 」. 「Cold course 」 Word is Sanskrit Vitarkah, quite in the cash generation of Chinese language 「introduction course enquiries 」, represents the initial attention. 「Cold prying 」 Word is Sanskrit original voice Vicarah, quite cash generation Chinese language 「introduction she/he 」, 「introduction course enquiries 」 deeper step. 「Cold yoga teacher and Photoshop 」 is a talk practice into road book, recounts the life of an ascetic, divided into 17-1 phase; this 17 personal phase, including a wide sample of Wikipedia. Yoga fo University political ideals, this sample is included in a religious matter is the surface.. .
p. . 149. .
「Cold Kings after losing 」: Wang is the loser, slightly nine kinds. If success is sometimes lost, although there is a large house pass, junior high, a large 輔 military network, not intellectual property. What is nine? a not free, the second lap of the bust e, three cool Lee grace 憤 release, four, five luxury thin by evil ning yan, six are not Si no odds of low-end rules, seven did not take the eight wonder poor goodness: don't forget the zong, nine have been idle, focus line. [52].
By: "King of the fault" in the "yoga teacher to theory", the column has ten. The first section is the "caste is not high." An explanation of this theory is: "that a king was born with what class of royal, noble non-places; or born, although this royal, cheap woman's son, is not similar to the child; or Minister of auxiliary phase, such as National Division Qunguan child. If so name the king of caste is not high. "[53] India is a country attaches great importance to caste, Xuan Zang in the" Buddhist Records, "Volume II, the very clear description of this custom. "Special caste husband who has four flow Yan: ... ... second is the Kshatriya, Wang species also, Yi Shi Dragon, Ren Shu-chih." [54] He added: "Where is hereby four surnames, voicing special flow.。 Internal connections outside of these branches, if none of the groups do not. 」 [55] talk India Wang system, the kinds of family name should convey is the primary one article. I wonder if Hsuan Tsang is because China no kinds of surname system, squeezing this article; or the data of the original of this differing?-Vatican information not said that we don't need not only to describe the test.
"King of merit": Wang Gongde those little nine. Wang Ruocheng merit to the case, although no large treasuries, no large adjuvant, no army can be attributed to the public and Yang. How to nine? Gains and large comfortable, two non-violence of evil, anger made three small, four-Meng Lee Grace, five by being blunt, six instruments by Shun Di thinking is good, righteous love Gu seven or eight different known by the good grace to know, not since September Romantic and Uncontrolled term not vertical. .
This nine conditions and 「introduction Kings after losing 」 nine terms, just just the opposite. 「Cold yoga teacher and Photoshop 」 listed 「introduction King merit 」, original from is ten conditions. [56] 「introduction Wang FA is Li-wiki 」 squeezing out the first article: 「introduction kinds of surname respecting high 」.
"King of bad losses door": door king bad loss, a slight five said. Poor observation of a photo ministers, two ministers, although good observation camera, even if we have no grace wonderful time-line. Romantic and Uncontrolled do not think of three special line maintenance, the four post-Romantic and Uncontrolled line does not keep the treasures, the five post-Romantic and Uncontrolled line line is not amending the law. The case of five, Jiexi name "king bad loss door." ... .... .
p. . 150. .
Doors and negligence are not bad loss is a good thing, but between the two, slightly different. Decline of the rule of the king will damage the door, and gradually weakened; the king's fault, make him step down. And the decline is relatively easy to damage the door the door:. .
「Cold Wang convenient Oldsmobile 」: Wang convenient Oldsmobile, slightly five kinds. A good news affected by the Convention and notes, can be consulted time Ryan wonderful line, line three radio far off service professionals thinking machine, four radio far off Shin guard House pass, five radio far off areas pinpointed. ……。.
If the king, the achievements of the case of five-door convenience, Dangzhi Ci Wang subside now law, after law Righteousness. Slightly before the four-door, no rebate is all the justice and benefit law; the last one, after the law reclaim all of Righteousness. [58]. .
"Wang cute Act": the five kings of slightly sweet, cola, Kexin, Jacuzzi of the law. What is five? I, beloved, the second by itself, the three Nengcuiyuandi, four good photo of self-cultivation, five to go Shanqu. .
Cute little five kings of the law can be cited. What is five? Well keep a world, two brave enough to tools, to facilitate the right of the three good, four are subject to state, five-Qin-xiu law line. [59]. .
"Fa is theory" and complete with three standards, the kings were divided into three categories: first, the results reported successful: This refers to the family of a king was born rich, long life with fewer health, family, lush, smart and capable, which is Jieyou achievement. This successful, not everyone can be right away, the main industry in the past received net retribution. Second, successful men use: refers to the ability of high-strength King, good leadership, heroic upright, all successful. The complete, current law is a lovely fruit. III. .
Story rather than: if a king to support Fa ─ Buddhism, and his concubines within the palace; Prince, ministers, Guiqi all "retreats Shih and tree blessing by fasting, and adhere to the forbidden" [60], which do merit successful. Story rather than the net industry, is due to win the next life. .
VI. .
First, the extraordinary spirit of Xuanzang, illicit abroad, commit themselves to seek method. The main method for finding the spiritual pillar and aim is seeking to "yoga teacher to theory." When he returned to the Tang Empire, happens to be the emperor of old age. Master in India and Central Asia from the reputation of the region experienced in person, first-hand knowledge of local, it is as a "day of Khan" Li Shimin need to know information. The Xuanzang my instruments, conversation, knowledge, will they have enough to go for Results Emperor satisfied. Xuanzang returned at the right time just when its people. .
Second, the Emperor in China history, is a rare sagacious emperors, sandwiches, and achievement success-Huang. As one of the highest governance system, the Tang dynasty China strategy is certified as a master of Confucianism, teach and Yung 諸. On the other hand, the Tang in creating a business period now, southern and North suppress, pingxi 罰 Dong Qing hand kill dead, nearly a thousand conditions of human life, especially in competition duo diwei, who kill to death his brother, younger brother qing sheng. These kill, must leave painful Tang heart 陰 shadow. He market for fear of the industry report, just leaking out 懼 his heart these kinds of guilt. These kinds of guilt as to the old software failure, not gone with heart, the time will display a braise 緊 forced.. Especially in the final year of his life, he called to the Yuhua Palace and Cuiwei Xuanzang Temple, a summer with him, even including the palace-built "Philip Court" to and regular contact with the Master. The time until his death, the Master also stay in the palace. This close and special relationship, just that the religious needs of old age Taizong. .
p。. 152..
Third, the attitude of Emperor Xuan Zang on, and it is the attitude of Emperor Taizong of Xuan Zang, inter-related and timely change. Among the first three years, Xuan Zang is a passive and cautious. His main purpose is to preach scriptures, do not want to make any changes. More active after a year. In his request, to support the Buddhist Emperor made a few things, including writing by the official circulation of Kyushu, writing the "big Zang holy church order", the country's more than three thousand seven hundred of the monastery, the "total degree hundred eighteen thousand five hundred monks and nuns of people. " As crown prince Li Zhi, also followed the footsteps of Taizong, made a few pieces of Buddhist, laid the Master and the future emperor's friendship, and ensure that Xuan Zang in the scriptures after the cause of the death of Taizong. .
. "Tripitaka Master of Communication," Juan Liu's record, said Xuan Zang's political views, is the center of monarchical power. In other words, the emperor's intelligence, everything, "no false on others." .
V. 「introduction yoga teacher and Photoshop 」 political ideals, more than the older system, the King of the country, major-general realms 導 static documents (financial strength), the largest military rank 輔 and larger audience than column for the four items of the establishment of country's basic conditions. One of China's Eastern 導 account to decide. These kinds of political ideal is a Buddhist in Arabia Montauban. Buddhist content main table now in the business of causal k who road two aspects. These kinds of political ideal in India's self-study Che University here, current time is the most equal, frankly and system of thought. I have another English wiki article, and talk; one having to repeat. [62].
If this ideal, go on to study traditional Chinese culture, speaking of the Fa in the "valid reason", and Chinese culture in many ways, have conflict. Chinese people's political views later from Zhougongdan are Zhuzhong in virtue, destiny and the universe are not in the personnel within the force. "Zuo Zhuan" in "Heaven helps those with no relatives..
But Germany is the auxiliary ", [63] Zi Chan saying:" Heaven is far, humanitarian near "are sufficient to illustrate this attitude. [64] inclusion of yoga meditation Nyaya school of the Fa, a trap within the circle of the system, it is unsuited to Chinese people's appetite for a better tomorrow as a politician, who has the time and effort to explore these difficult and not practical foreign theory. .
Coupled with historical examples, such as the Emperor Wu Ningfo accusations like subjugation, will make any intelligent ruler, it is impossible to state financial resources, focus on "retreats Shih and tree blessing by fasting, and adhere to the ban ring "as a merit. .
One thousand nine hundred eighty-four, twelve, Niansan at the Han Nathan. .
p。. 154..
This paper, the main data, use the following types of code:. .
"Remember" ─ "Buddhist Records." Tang Xuan Zang above, the defense unit in mind. Ming Dynasty block-printed Tibetan Jiaxing and Shanghai in 1955 copies. .
"King" ─ "Fa is theory." Tang Xuan Zang translated; Mahayana by Lin pen. "Taisho Tripitaka newly built," XXXI. .
[1] Xuanzang age, many argue, there is no unanimous conclusion. This idea from the Cheng Lu, see "research", on the books, page VIII, Note. The birth and death dates, works in foreign countries, is also more common. .
[2] the British 「introduction nominating 」, made to touch the Samuel Beal's Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World as the all-the-art translation.
[3] "Biography" translation of an early Michael Owen, see His Studies book "Master Xuan Zang's test," and "studies", on page twenty-four ─ twenty-five, Note. .
[4] "study", the following style.
[5] See Tom the "Emperor and Buddhism," close to "Tang Tong Papers Set" (1983 printed in the Zhonghua Book Company), page XI ─ sixteen; and the "History of the Sui and Tang Buddhist" (a ninety-eight typographical two years of the Zhonghua Book Company), page ten ─ eighth. .
[7] See "Old Tang", Volume eighty-nine on "Confucianism 总论." .
[8] ibid., volume 91 「introduction sun simiao fax 」.
[9] "Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks", vol XIV, Chi Po Chuan. "Taisho Tripitaka newly built", the fifth ten volumes, six hundred thirty-five on the page. .
[11] "Old Tang," Nine Juan Qi, Fu Yi Chuan. "The Emperor is quite natural," the phrase, "the Buddha Ji reunification" Volume nineteenth for "imperial deep evil of their words," fear of uncertainty. "Taisho Tripitaka newly built" forty-ninth volume in the three hundred sixty-three page. .
[12] 「introduction fax 」, volume 1, page 2231..
[13] Ibid. .
[15] Ibid. .
[16] ibid., pages 2527.
[17] Ibid. .
[18] 「introduction fax 」, volume 6, page 188 c..
[19] Ibid, page two hundred fifty-five next. .
[20] ibid., page 188 c..
[21] Luo a "system of the Tang Dynasty of Khan days," closing in "History of Tang Dynasty" (Taiwan Commercial Press, printed in the Republic of forty years), fifty-four ─ eighty-seven pages. .
[22] 「introduction fax 」, volume 6, page 7253.
[23] Ibid. .
[24] 「introduction old Tang line services 」, volume 79 Fu Yi fax.
[25] "Biography", Juan Liu, page two hundred fifty-six next. .
[26] also songmin for code, 「introduction Tang big Holy orders set 」 (1959, supplier services India Wikisource typographical), page 58%.
[27] See Road Vision essays, "Guang Hongming set," Volume II-eighth, "Taisho Tripitaka newly built" the fifty-second volume, on page three hundred twenty-nine. .
[28] ibid..
[29] Ibid. .
[30] Wikinews Lee tree Tong: 「introduction of Xuanwu Oldsmobile and contribute to a political changes affect 」, in 「introduction textual history of the Tang dynasty 」 (Taiwan Bureau of certificate in Bristol, 61 years of typographic), page yiwusan-1910.
[31] See "Asoka", "The injustice by not students," and so on. .
[32] Wikinews Chen Yuan: 「introduction Datang Western Iranian wrote a person bian machine 」, @ 「introduction Chen Yuan University technical matter collection 」 first style (1980, in Bristol on board the typographical), page 4-4-7 third 6349.
[33] "Old Tang," Seventy six volumes, "Heng Wang Cheng Qian Chuan." .
[34] 「introduction old Tang line services 」 volume 65: 「introduction new Tang line services 」 105 volumes.
[35] Chen was: "Political History of the Tang Dynasty issued" (1956 Joint Publishing typographical Edition), page sixty. .
[37] Wang Pu essays, "Don would be" (World Publishing, printed in the forty-nine people), in the book, eighteen volume IV, page eight hundred forty-five. .
[39] Ibid, page two hundred fifty-five ─ next on. .
[41] Ibid, VII, page two hundred fifty-eight ─ two hundred fifty-nine on the next. .
[42] ibid., page 26 0..
[43] Ibid. .
[44] ibid..
[45] "Tang Xuanzang Chronicle", "research" on the books, page two hundred eighty-three. .
[46] 「introduction fax 」, volume 1, page 0222..
[47] Ibid, Volume III, on page two three four. .
[49] Ibid, page two hundred thirty-eight next. .
[51] Ibid, page two hundred fifty-six on. .
[52] 「business as new repair finance business 」 volume thirty-six, page 15.
[53] "New Revised Taisho Tripitaka," the third ten volumes, six hundred thirty-eight the page. .
[54] 「introduction nominating 」, volume II, page 7.
[55] Ibid, page seven. Original hereby as a "kind" words, error, do this from the correction. .
[56] 「business as new repair finance business 」 volume thirty-seven, page 15; Wikinews with certificate of the thirtieth volume, page six sanjiu.
[57] Ibid, XXXI, page eight hundred fifty-seven, the eight hundred fifty-eight on; and third ten volumes, on page 六四 ○ ─ next. .
[58] ibid., page 8, under the 1985; and 4 June 2004, at 4 a..
[59] Ibid, page under eight hundred fifty-eight; six hundred forty-one on. .
[60] ibid., page 4-9; II the following.
[61] Ibid, p. 860 on; Sixty Four Two under. .
[62] also Y "un-hua jan," RājadharmaIdealin Yogacara Buddhism "in Religion and Society in Ancient India: Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya Commemoration Volume P. Dr. Plait .Jash (Calcutta, Roy Chowdhury and Co., 1984), pages 221-234.
[63] "Zuo Zhuan", Xi cited the public five years, "Zhou Shu." .
[64] the same certificate, Zhao Gong for 18 years. Wikinews official Convention and Visitors Bureau, Xu 「introduction China human nature wiki History: the pre-Qin article 」 (Taiwan business services India Wikisource, 1969, typographical), pages 51-62.
[65] See E. . A. . Kracke. . Jr. . "The Chinese and the Art of Government" The Logacy of China, a book (Raymond Dawson series, Oxford University Press, 1964 version), page 309 ─ thrice. Beginning of the poem by the Confucian teaching that, through the Confucian point of view from the era of political stalemate Explanation of poetic development, resulting in positive changes in the political elegance Literature.. Zhenguan during this massive reconstruction of the Confucian concept of movement, with its enthusiasm and limitations, the court poetry of the generation of Zhenguan impact. .
A..
Confucian create the "elegance and Change" Poetic concept, although the standard of beauty and fun Chung held "positive voice" and the grief of Resentful "change voice", but apparently is "Music without prostitution, without injury sorrow" [3 ] is the principle of praying to the gentle, well-being and peace in Statecraft and the phase due to the system from which has been in high esteem, therefore, literature will become "The couple, as honor, thick human relations, customs and transfer" ("Mao Preface "), tools, and thus to establish a clear set of values of the critical discourse system.. .
. "[8], the advocacy of Confucianism is not only spared no effort, and take a series of practical measures into their regular activities," Old Tang Shuru school passing on, "says:..
One can imagine this year by the Historical Confucius and enthusiasm high. The implementation of these policy measures, from the system to ensure all that Confucianism became the overriding authority over the idea; "Building School", "proliferation member" of various initiatives, laid the material foundation for the revival of Confucianism; "home officials," "Gong the move is "secular interests, intended to induce the majority of scholars on the status of Confucianism practical support, resulting in a" Confucian world "to" pull out of no time, cloth in the temple are very public gallery "[10] situation. As a generation of male master, the emperor of the "Confucian hard and aggressive, with Conservatism," the truth [11], can be described as self-taught, sees clearly.. Li Shimin the campaign, writing hard, and his "Emperor Fan", "gold mirror record," "self-Kam recorded", etc., focus on reality, summarize past to Confucianism warning ministers, track the heirs, tried from the Confucian classics in the search for Construction ideological tool for the new society. Li Shimin had repeatedly said: "I opt for those who, only weeks hole of the Road, that if birds have wings, such as fish and water, loss of the dead, no can not." [14] Wei Zheng has a similar statement: " Confucianism as Religion real great! the Liverpool blog now! ... ... Although the world or dirty Lung, and Sven did not fall, caused by the state government, not one o'clock also.。.
On appeal to their preferences, there must be even lower. Supreme ruler of the vigorous advocacy, will inevitably lead to opposition from top to bottom of Confucianism to be added in the respected, the formation of Confucianism observation, thinking perspective, the Golden Years period aspects of social life filled with strong Confucian color, the Confucian concept of Cheong Hang also into the potential inevitable. Looking Zhenguan monarch of the statements, they stressed the political and ethical value of literature in understanding the phenomenon of literary forms to judge the value of clear criteria for the center. "Suishu Wen Chuan sequence learning," says:. .
The text to be used on big Ah now so application de teaches at the bottom so da big emotional to, then knit the heaven and Earth, the training set, then the wind folk sing, Marina main ovens.
Thus, with the literary consciousness and establish the "Emotion" Literature has been squeezed out drop, literature lost its aesthetic presence, has become a tool for political indoctrination, and its purport is in "as an example for training", "Marina owners and people" Its function seems to only sovereign and subject, of communication between Government and the public media. Obviously, this is "Maoshixu" "Wind, wind, teaching also, the wind to move them to teach the technology of" and "on the weathering, the thorn on the next to the wind," the Confucian concept of poetry to teach exactly the same. "Sui Chi" further application of the cloud:. .
…… You are superior to his descendants to on, the surface as an admonition to slander, mesh, recitation and ridiculed evil to wind stings. At the beginning but singing, the gentleman, after due to save Advisory Philharmonic.
。 The book of the week · Wang Bao Yu Xin biography "cloud:..
Astrotech position, moon and Yang Hui, astronomy Chang carry; gossip to Chen, the book contract, there have been, in the text details now! ... ... And it could range world, Gang Ji Renlun, Qiongshen know of, called the first in ages; by the state customs Wei, possession for EMI, Zhiyi indeed! . .
You can see, the history of the Princes who let literature shoulder "via bang weft vulgar," "discipline" ethical responsibilities ", and it is an insurmountable precepts. So to improve the status of "literature" is bound to become fresh vitality for literature, literature of detaining and emotion to the aesthetic characteristics of the emotional person was thrown into the claw in WA State.
Confucian order "elegance and Change" on the poetry, the Song Poetry of the United States and the music as "positive voice" demanding literature through the "U.S. Sidley describe it," to "polish Hongye" (Ban Gu, "Two Du Fu Xu"). Zhen Guan Shi Chen in the concept of literature, celebrated Empire weather, the emperor became the literary merit is also an important function. "Biography of Liang Shuwen school," says:. .
The ritual and latitude countries, through the ancient and in virtue of non-text Mo available to reigns, all its meanings, DUN Yuet gentry of native, salt is still expensive, since that is not to move.
Through the "state of virtue" to "London Wyatt" sovereign, non-fiction Mo can be, the margin of Confucianism to beautify the throne, decorated with literary talent to polish Hongye, became the Literature "Throughout the ages, it can not move," the "eternal theme of" Literature can only be are the foundation, music, praise Sidley Pacific embellishment. On this basis, they also indicated on the specific operational details of the "state of virtue," the path. "Chen Shuwen pass sequence learning," says:. .
View the easy ", astronomy to into the world, it is Confucius hwan also has articles. Since Chu-Han, speech world out, Laurent?, Jiang left flow smoothly, all SI, MI to defeat the creator, and the moon. Large Charter code Mo, honor and praise the kingly; small liberal arts college promotes, Shen to express emotion, as the ritual, comprehensive ethical, ancient and modern, in beautiful evil, is in the text.
Heaven and Germany is the angle from the typical lay out real rhetoric, "control cited world, intricate, ancient and modern" ("Xijing"), trying their extravagant big words, growth momentum, resulting in "Survey of events, Mi-lun foreign" [16] momentum, the publicity of the emperor and imperial prestige Hongye. As a result, Confucian, "the U.S. Sidley describe it," the abstract principles will be developed into concrete operational "technology", and Qi Group Fairview, Wang Yan Juli finishing a result of strict, orthodox style of binding , in the rich literature obliterate the personality, it also makes the literature once again fell into the "as is Haiku Fu, see and treat Initiative" [17] position. .
This kind of literary ideas jingtianwei is both "vertical text along St., St. to according to the context and Fleming Road" [18] views of conventionality, is on the rise of "ritual-min to Confucian-oriented; indemnity wind is still popular, imported to the text" [19] thought for the play. As a guideline, a Peking Jun Chong San is that meet the quality of the works of Confucian literature strongly appreciated. Shizai-min Bao Mead of poetry works quite a lot of examples, many of which are from the perspective of Church and State.. In Zhining aim at Kuangjiu, essays, "admonished Court" irony of twenty volumes, Taizong great harmony, thanks to ten pounds of gold, silk three hundred [23]. Of the previous Emperor lost his country, not because people waste paper, on which the levy Saints meet quality works of literature to be a positive rating outlook, Weizheng Yun: "Words without Fudang. ... ... Coexist Ya Body, attributed to canonical" ; Li Shimin Review says: "diction old Bo, Yi Zhi is not contradictory Zhou Yao and Shun." [24]. .
In this field and spectacular of Confucian ideology reconstruction and spare no effort in respected, implied is rigid, Confucianism and once again the Confucianism back to the classics in the late Han dynasty mode, somewhat stifled Confucianism vigor and vitality. As Mr. high view as: "the emperor to learn King, ... Reward Confucianism. Reset hirofumi Museum, under the name Confucianism as science officer, selected literature Bachelor Shih to. In view of the Southern dynasties, long since Jingyi strife and MO agreed, to desire the unity of theory, Yan Shi ancient correction of errors by the five classics, hole yingda wrote the five classics justice. ... Determined from the five classics justice, although the dispute between the North and South school managers, and Confucianism also sit is not progressive.. This is clearly not their invention, but is still intrinsic quality of the Confucian concept of Holy simple reversion. Southern literature is undeniable that they wilt correct weak literary style to create a new style of care and thought, but from the literature and the theory of internal development, the clash of its unreasonable to say the least, as a perspective to examine the "literary consciousness" history has been going on long after the literary phenomenon, inevitably ignore the literature "Emotion" feature, resulting in the overall aesthetic quality of literary subversion. .
II.
Tang Dynasty in the rise of the ruins of war, since the scene by modern tragedy doom hack head monarch Zhenguan Surprised to learn a lesson in order to become their existence royalist Zuo priority. Shi Chen in their review of modern literature, especially "palace poetry" since the rise of the literary phenomenon, was surprised to find a good li emperors words were, in order to "palace poetry" as the center of post-modern literature, erotic, women occupy significant purpose of the position. The tenth constraints change, the Hanru trial to know the political tone of political literature view to provide them with the perspective of observing problems, so they are natural to literary style and the country's combat confusion Xingcuizhijie Goulian up.。 Thus, a vocal critic of the Tai launched on nature.
Under the first tone for this decision was undoubtedly a large number who "of thousands of machines leisure, travel information arts" [26] Li Shimin. "Royal Plaza handbooks," says:. .
View column generation of Wong King test at the time of the Act, the Xuan Hao shun and Yu, the letter most so wrong. As an emperor, Zhou MU, Wu, Wei-ming, junyu carved wall, poor glibly extremely Lai ... Kyushu to call them, fall, Great Britain should also not phai? to track the Pai Wang, jianghai cannot forward positively-following their desires, contained the following heart Chin, meditating, he generously philosopher. The wind of the Emperor Yao Shu, rendering of the Qin and Han dynasties; Vera with salt, varying the wonderful sound.
Generation of the founding emperor as "the fall of Dianpei" political lessons of the excitement of his thinking; poetry as the central figure in the court, to avoid political defeat of his U.S. visit Man literary phenomenon of basis points. His claim is based on the literature, "Yao and Shun the Wind," "salt of the English song" Politics is the Confucian concept to literary criticism, and cleaned up the "Voice of innocence." Zhenguan early, Li Shimin Fang Xuanling national history of the Supervisor, who made the history books Xiuzhuan the principle: "Style Chun Hua, useless exhortation, Hexia the simple strategy book?" Those "words cut straight management can benefit those in government management, are set to be prepared ... ... "[27].。 And Eric Lee like-minded unit symptoms of Chen Wei Gong is pushing waves help waves, directly to the rise and fall of literature and the State. The group book dead to preface cloud ·:.
Late Antiquity Wong Wang, from time to time to pose, and are including the world, cage group has, actually adopted the term floating Yan, Chi migrate Festival of war, said Cheng at the end of the school rumors, decorative carving of a small insect technology, the more we lose the source of the Secretary for Lease ; wander goers, is no way with the letter, the total per-side surgery, was one of indemnity good purpose. .
From the "King of the ancient imperial near" accusations, shows the rise and fall from the political perspective on literary phenomenon of Confucianism. As the literature as "end of hearsay," "sculpture of insects is only xiaoji" Confucian scholars as literature as the game's many entertainers, "floating brilliant," Qian's birthday "on the great Ming referred, showing the use of State power of the power to interfere in the literature to near-dogmatic ideology to the literary style tendencies, and" because it's the ' absolute ' taint of political authority and to future generations and powered past rulers forced intervention literature. "[29].
Clearly, these statements in the Confucian concept of performance under the domination of the narrow aesthetic. Anchored, Shi Chen who know the political tone from the perspective of the trial, post-modern literature of a fierce criticism of the popular Liang and Chen Dynasties "palace poetry" from content to form without analysis given the overall negative. "Suishu Wen Chuan sequence learning," says:. .
Beam from Datong, ya road, getting everything to settle for the canonical, cruise new specially. Brief text, its effects on Eastern kai, Xu ling, was Yu Xin min road, Yang, its effect on the propagation of the text and color, although the word is still light, feeling melancholy, to listen to the cover of the yanling also destroyed the sound!.
Content, "Ya Road, occupied by the enemy short of getting good canonical", and Confucianism does not match; style "light is still dangerous," "more grief", and "gentle" fun at odds; form of words adopted a new clever, bright light-chi, contrary to the Confucian tradition of aesthetics, which led to escape from national subjugation and genocide, how the shocking! Shi Chen are entirely political reasons to explain the literary phenomenon, tied to the style of writing and perished together. "North Qishu Wen Chuan Court order," says:. .
Jiang left beam of light at the end, still, nothing new, the penalty ranges reservoir Palace on the prevalent. Miscellaneous stickiness to% tone, although sad and indecent. Former husband dynasties (press, refers to the beam, the Northern Qi)-world, all establishments yinsheng, Qi's variable wind, belonging to the chord; beam time-varying, and the husband's article. Is it easy to custom, and for the ruin of the sound and feeling the strain is not, or specific, which cover with hook? on passion is Constantine ... Ya to zhengbang (champion), mourning to perish.
Eloquent, emphatic, however, is only the "Voice of Zhi Shi On the music, its governance; chaotic sound of resentment to anger, the political good; Conquering Music sad to think, the people's plight," "voice of the Road and Masamichi "and by the Confucian concept of political literature to play. If Shichen have a positive view of the Confucian advocacy fairly cool and objective, then the negative criticism can be said here, the input indignation. In their view, An Leping, and the "positive voice" and the associated Pacific Zhi Shi, and Hatefury grief of the "change voice" can be equated with chaos doom, the "change voice" is directly derived from the performance of "passion" of the light risk Yin Sheng, and thus solemnly warned the current monarch, when cited this as a warning, MO making the same mistake. .
From South to North of Wang Bao, Yu Xin late style change to "swift pen" to express anger's money, a lot of "home of thinking", but the history of the princes were still left off, the behavior of their literature has been severely criticized. The book of the week · Wang Bao Yu Xin chuan "cloud:..
What, then sub-mountain of the text, originated Song, popular in the beam quarter. To put their body-based prostitution, the term risk for the cases to light, it can boast luxury projects in purpurin, swing over to the heart of Zheng and Wei. Xi Yangtze had a saying: "Fu-lai to the poet, the poet Li Fu to prostitution." If Yu's side of the Sri Lankan and Cifu of sinners. .
Yu Xin dynasty poetry light beautiful late poems of sin because of the integration into life's expense and vigorous fresh, his "poor emotion of gorgeous, full-body of Liu Liang" [30], as both sets of the six dynasties, and Kai Tang of the whip [31], North-South integration and poetic art style of the evolution of the inherent tendency. But in the history of the Princes ' Confucianism political literature "color mirror" perspective, it is the content placed on "sex" and "heart", swing on by the "red purple" and "insurance", became far too "Zheng Wei sound" and "words empower sinners.". "Chi Sui sets Ministry Introduction" says:. .
Dr Jane man of the Orient House, good article. Clear speech is triumphing, only; carved between the overlapping part of Chinese gown I m thinking very boudoir algae, included. Metazoan pass phase, deed on acquisition, and opposition have, for the Palace. Stream dawdles, payment to perish. The end result of Chen, can all become ... Article DAO out.
"Palace Poems" on the portrayal of women in the United States view human face distorted into "ren I", "Inner Quarters" obscene within the dirty, for the "Sun Life Style" from the "clear speech clever system", "cut and polish Man algae "has become the object of denial, which has been simply characterized as" Conquering Music, "and that song is the monarch of the Renaissance Man kinky loving, leading Renxinbugu, Moral Degeneration, resulting in dumping the state cover the country. Shi Chen does not seem satisfied with their general statement, and then to raise it to a "theory" in height, the "subjugation Lai Man" as a historical necessity and marked out. "Chen Shu emperor mind" in the description of the emperor-loving Yinci Li Song Erzhi "deserted" the historical facts, the conclusion leads to the cloud:. .
The ancients said: the Lord of the ruin, many talent. Test of beams, Chen and sui, non-virtual. Does not Sung creed, partial remains of man, the lust, spindling-pseudo, none of indiscriminate death..
When the main commandment to Gordon, Early Shichen more sights on the subjugation of concern to the lessons of the so-called "Kam-country safety, will take the subjugation" [31], and the "subjugation" is directly derived from the take charge of "Talent" - "side of the text is still prostitution Korea": World Wind style pornographic pouring lead Wei Li, versatility will be a "subjugation of the Lord", the two are so closely linked, simply become a kind of twisting of the historical necessity can not be countered. This paper can be defeated Road, disorder to the country and even the subjugation of the cart before the horse of the theory, its biased and arbitrary to the point to be added. Their painstaking efforts of Wei Zheng, Li Shimin also empathy, had mixed feelings saying: "The Last Lord of doom, evil heterogeneous class also.。.
Such remarks today seem rather sensational, when there is in the Golden Years monarch's outspoken remarks are sat on. Obviously, this is nothing but heavy political ethics utilitarian view of literature as the criteria for value judgments made in modern literature. As previously theory, Confucian view of literature as the basis of traditional Confucianism, emphasizing the use of poetry to improve and strengthen the political reality in the literary status of noble and sacred at the same time, making the scope and depth of literary expression significantly reduced; "made peace situation, only the almost ritual, "the admonition, elegant and discreet one hand to keep the character of literature, while thousands of the world inevitably weaken the literature, complex aesthetic richness of the soul, which bound the vitality of literature as well as asphyxiation.。.
Southern Palace rage late poetry, the aesthetic characteristics as of the researchers, mainly in the form of system, the "new" and the subject matter of the "brilliant." This is from "Sun Life Style" beginning of the state of Southern literature to make a very brilliant fight for the new competitive differentiation, "new change" results, but also Southern particular political and economic environment lead to changes in the aesthetic taste of the performance and the aesthetic nature of literature has long Explore the results of [33]. This one avoids the surviving legacy of the "Metaphysical Poetry" by falling into the metaphysical "truth Cave," which led to the loss of poetic beauty, on the other hand not to over-identify with a physical trivialization of life and give up the art of beauty pursuit.。 The "edge" of the "love"-much, but it also revealed that the situation of the poets heart charm, with poet to have proof of aesthetic characteristics of personal emotional discovery and understanding; and "gorgeous" refers to the aesthetic form of Princess Tsing Li Bai, nong, Seiko, this is clearly a strong aesthetic pursuit. It is this kind of aesthetic pursuit effectively prevents the emotional outlet of uncontrolled, allowing the poems avoids overly ridiculous obscene. Knowledge of the Palace, the description of mostly through aesthetic distance purification "RI small waist," "good side" in a mirror [34] and the like, near of the very few pornography. As has always been regarded as a typical "poems" the chant of Xiao gang who sleeps in daylight:.. "
Pillow talk to the North Window, South canopies at no ramp. Climbing hook hanging scroll down chi, plug transition give lute. Dream grin Jiao Ye, Mian Huan pressure falling. Health Yuwan bamboo mat pattern, fragrant perspiration soaked Hongsha. Her husband, accompanied by constant, Mo is prostitution wrong home. .
. Ming Wang Shizhen "Zhiyan" says: "Six of the end of the bad air Sheng carry on. However, even Watchers quite cut it, sound a little harmony, a change and elegant, Sui Wei Tang body; plus the whole chestnut, it becomes Shen Song . ". .
Contemporary United Kingdom Meixuejia Rui Chachi CI pointed out: "an overly narrow value perspective, or an overly simple moral ethics is often a misunderstanding on literature and art. "[37] based on the literature and political, moral and ethical relationships" political criticism "and" moral criticism "in ancient China has always been in the mainstream discourse, its concrete manifestations as standard according to definite political and moral values on the literary phenomenon made value judgement, but because of the" offsite "Mission of excessive bow, causing the literature itself of traits and mission of the" absent ".. Perhaps the historical facts to make the best footnote to this.。.
III. .
. .
However, the literature in this 400 years considerable development after all, the history of the princes were unable to completely avoid this fact, but they take up the cauldron, arrested keep to Chung Mei Plebs for Ensemble, ensemble must code of Confucian literature, remove one grade is not high for sex, and on which there could be Chung St. u.s. activities service code real words with Yu Yang.
Li Shimin of the literature on evaluation activities epitomizes this trend. He personally "Sui Dynasty", "Book of Jin" wrote four of like and order [39]. In the "Biography of Lu Ji Jin Shu", the Li Shimin of the "Poet" appreciation for Canada, on the cloud:. .
Lu Wen harassment age support for the close, when people had ridiculed Zhang of "suffer from too much" [40], Confirming that the poem "through age support self-sufficiency, and Xuan mining weakness", "to refer to those who want to lay day" [41 ]. In fact, Lu Bu Wei is the "Emotion Pompous" were enshrined in poetry and beautiful, and many poems express a deep emotion, poetic style, "Clear and Resentment", the "nostalgia" nine, or that the "beauty of Du "Eight sorrow" of the ancestors "[42]. But the only thing Qubi Li Shimin, who value poetry of the "Star adorned aims thick, red tape chi together" [43] admiration. In addition, it resembles the works of Li Shimin of the subjects as diction adorned from Li, Evans praised the quick perspective. "Old Tang Chuan Yang teaching profession," says:. .
Poetry of such literary drinking sing in the entertainment, naturally wander scene of the story, by the rhetoric piling up, and quickly lay out foreign objects into the articles, thoughts and feelings, no deep meaning unique aspects of meaning at all. "Full Tang" Recorded "Andrew Hill Pool Feast," a group of poems, sing more than those who have Shichen. LI Bai drug poem: "only with the vibration on the algae, with small technical absurd chapter." Chu Sui-liang poem; "Yoshitomo than the Cymbidium, carved algae Maiqiong Kui." Xu Jingzong poem: "Le banquet to the poor , laughing Biliang Chen. "visible these" on it "," Yoshitomo "but in a clear rhyme Ya Yin, rhetoric carving as services, in order to wander affairs, and excellent play area, Taizong of the rude tours are made for this purpose .。 "Is amazed to Lee Tae-beautiful" perfectionist "without parent love, few Imperial reward was the Prince. The Court then the center of the Palace, the Palace-min is the central figure of the poetry, it tastes good with a marked trend watching, will guide the court poet disposition set aside, and the words spelled, foreign objects to be believable. ODE system.
Most court poet Li Zhen Guan Liang, Chen, Sui came by the thick Xunran Southern artistic taste, into the atmosphere of a new era after the Tang and the actual status in itself, so that they stripped the Southern temperament poem style, while not high naturally inherit the aesthetic taste of traditional court poetry, and some development, Hu Ying-lin so-called "as the Liang, Chen charm diminished, and richly off of" [44] to reveal the changes of which gains and losses. Zhenguan court poet is in this point agree on the artistic achievements of the previous generation of poetry and features.. .
Jiangzuo house made more business, you almost clear Qi; Heshuo meaning Ching Gang, weight almost temperament. Li won his temperament is the word, clear text over its meaning is chi, the rationale for deep are easy to use when, Mandarin Songs are suitable, the pros and cons of its large north-south than the poet also. If drop-He voiceless, Jane're tired sentences, each to the short and long combined the two, the text quality Bin-Bin, the perfect carry on. .
. Clearly, however, is still used here is the main operating under the Confucian interpretation of the theory solidified into context, its focus is "easy when you use the" utilitarian purposes, "appropriate for the Island of Songs" and "Ching-chi," but in a foil status. So made by the literary style and affective filling and Sheng Tang reached "such as antelope horn hanging, without a trace rectifiable," "exquisite purity and refinement, not Cou Park" [51] nothing in the realm of doubt, but only the Confucian literature interesting concept and literature reflect the court. This extension is based on practical Literature bend formed by varying the weight the actual arts policy, through the "academic" sneaked into the internal mechanisms of literature, resulting in a pile of Zhen Guan Yong court poetry Lichtung Smart shield and the overall lack of style.。 The book of the week · Wang Bao Yu Xin chuan "cloud:..
Picks of Six hundred's of IAC, exploration Qu, Song, Qing cloud Secret. The tuning is also still far too deep of its aims, its rationale is also expensive when their words are like clever. And Ying Jin Choi, broadcast Lange, its text quality should be multiplied about fitness which changes, on balance, as appropriate, ancient and modern, and which can be strong, but can Dian Li, Huan and imposing the Chengzhang colored, almost if the eight tones of Fun Fan Association. .
Here, although expressed more prudent attitude, but with the sui law on the substance, its all the same discourse also is the southern literary theory "eclectic" discourse of the transplantations [52]. That literature should have and Zhuang, Lai code style and colors of the chapter, 8 sound propagation will, obviously the Confucian literary ideals and the Palace embodies aesthetic taste [53], emphasis is still however is to set out from Raleigh, words spelled real craftsmanship of the code, resulting in literature can only be judged a macro block adorned the Lai's profile and lack of emotion, the skeleton of moistening dyeing, angry infusion, it is difficult to produce exciting artistic appeal.
In short, the concept of reconstruction Early in this literary movement is not free to sign Saints and the Confucian concept of quality and Literature on the political indoctrination. Mr. Wu Xianning said: "The literary merits of restricting the conditions of decline is unusual wing complex and diverse, and only conducive to literary development of the external conditions and internal conditions of a harmonious, organic, forming an effort to promote the flourishing of literature, prosperity and development." [54] the prosperity of a generation of literary and cultural environment requires open and active.. .
Comment:.
[1] The emperor ordered their language, see the "Old Tang" VII III "De Fen Ling Hu Chuan." .
[2] according to the House DJ Dan Angel Club to "Volume 36" sinicization "bar, modern history begins on the repaired playing in four years, following closure of the operation, however the" sponge for several years, has not and probably ";" Zhenguan of three years, the book within the province in reset Secretary to repair and history ", and after ten years of Peking, basic divisions. Mainly the liangshu "," Chen "(yaosilian), the Northern Qi books (Li baiyao), book of the week (Linghu de fen), the book of sui (Wei) history of the South", "history of the North (Li yanshou), the jinshu (fangxuanling, chusuiliang, etc.).
[3] "The Analects of Confucius eight-yi." .
[4] Lu JI the prose poem: "the emotion and ornate. ”。.
[5] [43] "Song" Juan Liu Seventeen "Biography of Xie." .
[6] soup yongtong the Sui and Tang dynasties Buddhist forces of change ", in the Sui and Tang dynasties Buddhist on draft law, EF 1983 Ed..
[7] suppression of high Zuwu De Buddha had held nine years, twice Banzhao Taizong suppression of Buddhism, the Buddhist non-believers of Confucianism brought to justice, and even capital punishment, Minister of Buddha Worship shame and reproach to Argentina , summing up the rise and fall of previous lessons, to lead to "the fall of the children and grandchildren too busy, boat Eqing and the Market" rulers blamed the "poor in heart of Buddhism," "committed in the Dharma." Participation Zhaoke Yao, Xu Daoxun the "Emperor Biography" Chapter XV, People's Publishing House in October 1984 edition. .
[8] the old Kao "volume on the 190. Wen chuan.
[9] According to the "Old Tang," Volume hundred and eighty nine "on Confucianism," Takenori years, so that children learn in the country established the Duke of Zhou, Confucius Temple, one of the four seasons memorial; Takenori seven years to the Duke of Zhou first holy and Confucius with enjoy, nine letters for the praise of Confucius descendants Anglican. .
[11] Shu Suntong language, see the "Historical Records" Juanjiu nine "Shusun Tong Biography." .
[14] [24] "Mirror" Volume ninety-two. .
[15] the sui "volume directed the preface and Ju-biography.
[16] "Book of Jin," Book Nine Twelve "Wen Chuan order." .
[18] Liu Xie, "Liu Xie Tao chapter." .
[20] [22] "Zhen Guan Zheng Yao," volume IV "rules admonish Prince XII." .
[23] "Old Tang" Volume seven or eight "in Zhining Biography." .
[25] high concept such as the Tang dynasty Confucian and Buddhist, Zhang Tao editor of the Buddhist Mann and Chinese culture, Shanghai Bookstore 1987 October edition.
[26] Li Shimin, "Royal Plaza handbooks", "Quan Tang Shi" Volume. .
[27] the Tang Taizong dignitaries "volume VII of the 28th" literature and history.
[28] Wang Chong, "Lun Heng Ji articles since." .
[29] Clearwater Cave the Tang repair page〈 jinshu > nature, Peking University Journal,no.3,2003 No. 5 of 1995.
[30], Yuwen distant "Yu Xin Collection", "all after the Zhou" volume IV. .
[31] "Zhen Guan Zheng Yao" 大 "Criminal thirty." .
[33] Cf Caodao Heng, Chen Yucheng, "Southern Literary History," Chapter XIII "from the" Sun Style "to the Palace of Poetry", People's Literature Publishing House in December 1991 edition. .
[35] Cao Daoheng, Chen Yucheng, "History of Southern Literature," p. 251. .
[37] Yieruiqia Ci "Principles of Literary Criticism" in the translation of page 57, Yang Wu translated from, Baihuazhou Arts Press, 1992. .
[38] Liu Zhi-Jimmy the history plus "Volume 4" on the praise of the ninth ".
[39] Cf "Don would be" Volume XVI "Xiuzhuan" section. .
[41] Confirming "said Poems first birthday of a child language" volume. .
[44] Hu Ying-lin, "the poem Tau chapter" volume IV Review Li Shimin, "Royal Plaza chapter" language. .
[54] [46] "Book Week" volume IV XI "Biography of Wang Bao Yu." .
[47] the sui "volume jingji Chi sets Department Overview.
[48] "Chen Shu" Volume XVI "Xu Ling Biography." .
[49] a study of the Opera song and Yuan Wang Guowei · preface.
[50] is still scheduled to participate in "Culture and Zhenguan Guanlong Poetry", "Literary Heritage" 1992 3. .
[52] Zhou Xun initial parameters "of the three factions Liang Wen stated", "Chinese Literature, Essays" the fifth series, edited by Shanghai Zhonghua Book Company, 1964. .
[54] Wu Xianning "cultural characteristics of the Northern and literary process" on page 73, Oriental Press, 1997 Mr. Huang Yongnian published in 1986, "the so-called" Yongzhen innovation "" to "Yongzhen innovation" carried out a comprehensive negative, I novel, having chosen this subject, we can not remain silent on this. Although Wong has been passed away for many years, but his views in recent years also had an impact outside academia, I had a gentleman no matter what. .
"Innovation" yongzhen due to lack of data has been tampered with distorted, Wang Shu-Wen Group's political ideals, but the policy strategy is not as "counts" more serious lixun, Zheng note group, a comprehensive understanding, coupled with my limited knowledge, ability, demonstration could not be very powerful. Specific way can only "get the others".
"Yongzhen Innovation" commentators Wang Shuwen Group "on behalf of the landlord class Shuzu emerging force," Nature, Mr. Huang was at the beginning of the article concluded, research Fourteen members of the Wang Shuwen Group (missing histories contained in the lack of understanding Lee Li-bit two) "In addition to Shu and difficult to understand outside of a person, more than seven persons belonging to Nobles, there may be one person Gentry, representing a decline of great families who left the real Shuzu only four, less than one-third of the total number of one. "seven Chaoguan its opposite the" decline of the former for the literati who has become two, Shuzu or gentry of the decline of a person who, or a decline equivalent to Shuzu Nobles one purely Shuzu inverted three people. "Textual fine detail, irrefutable.
Liu Huang of "Feudal" and Wang Shuwen Yusha Liu Pi's real, to prove that Wang Shuwen Group at most one Military opposed, if a whole "anti-Military," the lack of basis. But I think he made a mistake, leading to the inference seems to have not been established. .
I would also like to cite two examples:. .
"Jiazi, Danfeng door, on the Royal pardon, called color negative, all showing the BU, often outside the Gondo into Wonderland. "(The old Kao · shun zongji").
Feng money into the local officials, including the Military Yaochong to flatter the emperor, at the same time can be used to enrich the wealth tax, decisively abolished, in addition to a disaster not only for the people, the arrogance of the Military arrogance is also a hit. This, only in "Old Tang" in the records, "New Tang Shushun discipline cases" and "Record Volume II Shun cases" referred only to strike in addition to salt and iron to make. .
"King (c) Xu, Chao said: calibration Sagong Pingzhang Shi Du You can Szeto Ping Zhangshi calibration, charge and degree of support to the Salt and Iron. To observe the western Zhejiang for the western Zhejiang Jie Du Li Chi Shang calibration Board of Punishments." ("Shun cases Record," Volume II.) .
Lee Chi is both ambitious local officials have real power, although not previously Jiedushi posts can also be equivalent to the Military. Although the military commissioners awarded him the real job, but denied the nation's major financial resources at its disposal - salt, iron power, can not deny that is to play a strong inhibitory effect on two years later, he put down the rebellion launched by the conditions created a very favorable . .
It inhibits the eunuch. Mr. Wang Huang Shuwen school Van West toward ren on Greek towns haengyong-Bing Han Tai ren servant, marching, Sima is designed to capture the entire time of the eunuch said: "the God strategy forces including case shence army West called town haengyong-are eunuchs by ren belonging by shence Lieutenant jurisdiction, that the DPRK was Pham Greek towns haengyong-Bing West called servant, is from the fact that control this force, segmentation strategy of God in the entire part of the army, in name does not change the God strategy and reporting relationships between Lieutenant.. Because talk about strategy, so it did not want to win all Shence Jun military power in one fell swoop. Even so, still aroused the vigilance of the eunuchs, resulting in wins military power failure. If Wang Shuwen really no political mind, actually issued the edict, so a big way to deprive the Shence Jun Lieutenant military power, had failed after his death was later ridiculed as I do not know what to look like it! . .
In the Chinese and foreign history, school of political power being combined with other forces, against the main enemy, is a common phenomenon, the purpose is to strengthen itself and weaken opponents. And Zhong Yan "prime cowardly move, and of every thing Shuwen see no similarities and differences dare" ("New Book of Tang Huanzhe passing on"), that he is not the kind of autocratic tyrannical eunuch leader can also be interpreted as Zhong Yan Wang Shuwen endorsed the political views, is worthy of trust. Mr. Wong may be not interested in politics, so mistaken as long as the "anti-eunuch" to be against all the real power of the eunuch, or not enough to maintain the purity of the ranks of revolutionary.。.
Wang Shuwen I am living Scheeren, Imperial Academy. Although the Imperial Academy was known as "in phase", great power, after all, not a formal Chao Guan, can not directly deal with affairs of state;. .
Ling and Wang Shuwen the same standard as the Imperial Academy;. .
According to Approaching the study group had also suspended the chamberlain Guozhong Zheng Wang Shuwen Nineteen people such as pension money, something unprecedented in the Tang Dynasty ("from" Ce Fu Yuan Gui, "open to revision of the said"). Wen Zhen Guo Zhongzheng cronies and others are all made by one faction or Zhong, historical lack of load, it is certain that the powerful but notorious evil bidding. The move, should not prove Wang Shuwen "still maintain control of the inner court eunuchs of the traditional" bar. .
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Wang Shu-Wen group relief tax measures, the old Kao · shun zongji "records the amount was" called color class, zufu, money in Palau, a total of 52 000 840 consistent, stone, horse, "said Mr. WONG, and almost all of the Tang dynasty huangdidu had such measures, only the imperial one," 22 times ", this is fact, but he is based on the book's element turtle · Bong · Juan complex part count third also records that the tax cut above is from the" XING Yuanyuannian-Zhen Yuan 20 years October 30 ", that is, from the year 804 786 year to year, for a total of 19 years.. Another point should be pointed out: that tax cuts toward the cis case, again after four months in the amnesty ordered relief, it should be something special, right? . .
